Angular angelshark

Angular angelshark
Conservation status
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Subdivision:	Selachimorpha
Order:	Squatiniformes
Family:	Squatinidae
Genus:	Squatina
Species:	S. guggenheim
Binomial name
Squatina guggenheim Marini, 1936
Range of Angular angelshark (in blue)
Synonyms
Squatina punctata Marini, 1936

The angular angelshark or Squantina guggenheim are sharks of the Squantina genus in the Squantinidae family. They originate in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina while living in marine, brackish and demersal environments at depth of approximately 4-360m.^[1] Their typical food sources consist of bony fish, crustaceans, and mollusks.^[2]

Morphology

The Squantina Guggenheim is shaped like a ray and in males, a spiny surface is located on its pectoral fins.^[3] However, this spiny surface is absent in females and younglings. This spiny structure is thought to help hold females while mating. Typically, both males and females range 89-130cm in length. Squantina Guggenheim approximately have 18-22 teeth in the upper and lower jaw.

Life Cycle

The Squantina Guggenheim like some Chondrichthyes is ovoviviparous, however the females' left ovary is only functional and the embryos use the yolk as nutrition during the pregnancy.^[4] The right ovary has been found to have very little oocytes and is ineffective.^[5] Typically, females will carry for 9-12 months and have approximately 3-9 pups in shallow waters.^[6]

Distribution

Squantina Guggenheim is found primarily in the Southwestern Atlantic. They are abundant along the coast of Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. This area is a subtropical zone and is at a latitude of 20°S - 45°S and a longitude of 68°W - 40°W.^[7] Typically, Squantina Guggenheim are found in sandy or muddy areas of the ocean floor.^[8]

Conservation

Currently, Squantina Guggenheim is an endangered species due to overfishing and are more susceptible due to the fact they are bottom dwellers.^[9] In addition, it may be possible females leave their young earlier on due to the stresses induced from fishing.^[10] Currently, Brazil has not taken any action in helping restore this species population.^[11]

References