Bacteriovorax

Genus of bacteria

Bacteriovorax
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bdellovibrionota
Class: Bacteriovoracia
Order: Bacteriovoracales
Family: Bacteriovoracaceae
Genus: Bacteriovorax
Baer et al. 2000[1]
Type species
Bacteriovorax stolpii
(Seideler, Mandel & Baptist 1972) Baer et al. 2000
Species
  • B. stolpii
Synonyms
  • Bacteriolyticum Piñeiro, Williams & Stine 2008
  • Bdellovibrio stolpii Seideler, Mandel & Baptist 1972
  • Bacteriolyticum stolpii (Seideler, Mandel & Baptist 1972) Piñeiro, Williams & Stine 2008

Bacteriovorax is a genus containing a single species of bacterium in the family Bacteriovoracaceae, Bacteriovorax stolpii. It is a predator that feeds on larger Gram-negative bacteria.[2] These prey bacteria tend to live in enteric environments and have similar lipopolysaccharide structures.[3] Bacteriovorax stolpii recognizes its prey by outer membrane protein receptors, which explains why Gram-positive bacteria that lack outer membranes do not serve as prey.[3] They prey on bacteria by invading the interperiplasmic space where they feed, grow, and reproduce.[3] Bacteriovorax stolpii used to be classified in the genus Bdellovibrio because of similar morphologies and lifestyle characteristics, however they were recognized as a new genus through phylogenetic analysis.[4]

Characteristics

The genera Bacteriovorax and Bdellovibrio share numerous morphological and lifestyle characteristics.[3] Bacteriovorax and similar genera are recognized by their presence of sphingolipids, which are not widely distributed in prokaryotes.[2] Bacteriovorax stolpii is known for the presence of sphinophosphonolipids in its membranes.[2] The genome size of the genus Bacteriovorax has been noted from 2.0–2.6 Mb.[3] Bacteriovorax is only predatory to Gram-negative bacteria, though they have been found in the gut of humans.[3] Bacteriovorax and Bdellovibrio are approximately 0.2-0.4 x 0.5-1.4 μm, are aerobic, with oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, and are mesophilic.[3] They display a typical Gram-negative morphology and are motile by a single, polar, sheathed flagellum.[3]

History

The description of Bacteriovorax stolpii is based on the original description by Seidler et al.[5] Strain Uki2T is the only isolate described at this time and is the type strain of Bacteriovorax stolpii.[4] This isolate has a GC content of 41±8 mol%.[5] The optimal temperature range for growth of this organism is 15–35 °C. The major cellular fatty acids are 5:1ω8c13:0 and 13:0iso.[6] Uki2T is sensitive to most antibiotics tested (penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, methicillin, nalidixic acid, pteridine 0/129 and vancomycin).[6]

Life cycle

Members of the Bacteriovorax exhibit the same general morphological and life cycle features as described for the genus Bdellovibrio.[3] In addition, members of this genus exhibit a biphasic life cycle, with the potential of displaying an actively predacious form as well as a PI (predatory independent), saprophytic form capable of growing on nutrient medium. Prey-dependent (wild-type) strains are comma-shaped rods, 0±5–1±4 μm in length, which demonstrate a predatory lifestyle in the presence of susceptible prey bacteria. The wild-type strains are motile by a single, polar flagellum. PI cells (mutants) are pleomorphic, demonstrating a range of cell shapes from simple rods to long, tightly spiral shaped cells.[4]

Reclassification

Most bacteria that prey on Gram-negative bacteria were lumped together in the genus Bdellovibrio.[4] This was done regardless of their isolation from various habitats and unstudied phylogenetic relatedness.[4] The previously wide genus included differences in sodium chloride tolerance and %G+C content.[3] Bacteriovorax stolpii and Bacteriovorax starrii were compared to Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, the model bacterium for its genus, using 16S rDNA sequences and analyses.[4] There was only 81.7% 16S rDNA sequence similarity between Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Bacteriovorax stolpii.[3] DNA-DNA hybridization also only yielded <4% hybridization between the species.[4] On these findings, the genus Bacteriovorax was created and Bacteriovorax stolpii and Bacteriovorax starrii moved into it.[4] In 2015, Bacteriovorax marinus and Bacteriovorax litoralis were reclassified as Halobacteriovorax, leaving B. stolpii as the only species in the genus.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Parte, A.C. "Bacteriovorax". LPSN.
  2. ^ a b c Jayasimhulu, K.; Hunt, S.M.; Kaneshiro, E.S.; Watanabe, Y.; Giner, J-L. (2007). "Detection and Identification of Bacteriovorax stolpii UKi2 Sphingophosphonolipid Molecular Species". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 18 (3): 394–403. doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2006.10.014. PMID 17123828.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bergey, D.H.; Brenner, D.J.; Krieg, N.R.; Staley, J.T. (2005). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 2. The Proteobacteria. Part C. The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 1053–7.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Baer, Marcie L.; Jacques Ravel & Jongsik Chun (2000). "A Proposal for the Reclassification of Bdellovibrio Stolpii and Bdellovibrio Starrii into a New Genus, Bacteriovorax Gen. Nov. as Bacteriovorax Stolpii Comb. Nov. and Bacteriovorax Starrii Comb. Nov., Respectively". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (1): 219–24. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-1-219. PMID 10826807.
  5. ^ a b Althauser, M.; Samsonoff, W. A.; Anderson, C. & Conti, S. F. (1972). "Isolation and preliminary characterization of bacteriophages for Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus". J Virol. 10 (3): 516–23. doi:10.1128/JVI.10.3.516-523.1972. PMC 356493. PMID 4116140.
  6. ^ a b Guether, D. L., Osterhout, G. J., Dick, J. D. & Williams, H. N. (1993). Analysis of fatty acid composition of Bdellovibrio isolates. Abstract Q-243 presented at the 93rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
  7. ^ Koval, S. F.; Williams, H. N.; Stine, O. C. (2015). "Reclassification of Bacteriovorax marinus as Halobacteriovorax marinus gen. nov., comb. nov. and Bacteriovorax litoralis as Halobacteriovorax litoralis comb. nov.; description of Halobacteriovoraceae fam. nov. in the class Deltaproteobacteria". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65 (Pt 2): 593–597. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.070201-0. PMC 4811658. PMID 25406234.
  • Type strain of Bacteriovorax stolpii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
  • v
  • t
  • e
Prokaryotes: Bacteria classification
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(major groups
Excavata
Diaphoretickes
Hacrobia
Cryptista
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Stramenopiles
Plants
Amorphea
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animals
Fungi
Mesomycetozoea)
Terrabacteria
BV1, BV3, BV5
others
Cyanoprokaryota
  • Cyanobacteriota
  • "Margulisiibacteriota"
    • "Marinamargulisbacteria"
    • "Riflemargulisbacteria"
    • "Saganbacteria"
    • "Termititenacia"
Firmicutes
BV3
Low GC
  • Bacillota
  • Bacillota A
    • "Clostridiia"
    • "Thermoanaerobacteria"
    • "Thermosediminibacteria"
  • Bacillota D
  • Bacillota E
    • "Sulfobacillia"
    • "Symbiobacteriia"
    • "Thermaerobacteria"
  • Bacillota G
    • "Hydrogenisporia"
    • Limnochordia
  • "Desulfotomaculota"
    • "Carboxydocellia"
    • "Carboxydothermia"
    • "Dehalobacteriia"
    • "Desulfitobacteriia"
    • "Desulfotomaculia"
    • "Moorellia"
    • "Peptococcia"
    • "Syntrophomonadia"
    • "Thermincolia"
  • "Halanaerobiaeota"
  • "Selenobacteria"
CPR group
Thermotogida
Synergistetes
Thermocalda
Fusobacterida
  • Fusobacteriota
    • Fusobacteriia
  • "Macinerneyibacteriota"
    • "Macinerneyibacteriia"
  • "Muiribacteriota"
    • "Muiribacteriia"
  • "Rifleibacteriota"
    • "Ozemibacteria"
  • "Walliibacteriota"
Hydrobacteria
BV2, BV4
Clade 1
  • "Aerophobota"
    • "Aerophobia"
  • "Auribacterota"
    • "Ancaeobacteria"
    • "Auribacteria"
    • "Erginobacteria"
    • "Tritonobacteria"
  • "Desantisiibacteriota"
  • Elusimicrobiota
    • Elusimicrobiia
    • Endomicrobiia
  • "Firestoneibacteriota"
  • "Goldiibacteriota"
  • "Omnitrophota"
    • "Omnitrophia"
    • "Velamenicoccia"
  • "Ratteibacteriota"
Clade 2
  • "Abyssubacteria"
  • "Hinthialibacterota"
    • "Hinthialibacteria"
  • "Hydrogenedentota"
    • "Hydrogenedentia"
  • "Poribacteriota"
  • "Saltatorellota"
    • "Saltatorellae"
  • "Sumerlaeota"
    • "Sumerlaeia"
Spirochaeto
bacteriobiontes
  • "Babelota"
    • "Babeliae"
  • "Lindowiibacteriota"
  • Spirochaetota
    • "Brevinematia"
    • "Brachyspirae"
    • "Exilispiria"
    • "Leptospiria"
    • "Spirochaetia"
PVC group
(Planctobacteria)
FCB group
(Sphingobacteria)
Proteobacteria
BV2
Aquificida
  • "Acidulodesulfobacteriota"
    • "Acidulodesulfobacteriia"
  • Aquificota
    • Aquificia
    • "Desulfurobacteriia"
  • Campylobacterota
    • "Campylobacteria"
    • Desulfurellia
  • "Calescibacteriota"
    • "Calescibacteriia"
  • Chrysiogenota
    • Chrysiogenia
  • "Dadaibacteriota"
    • "Dadabacteria"
  • Deferribacterota
    • "Deferribacteria"
  • Desulfobacterota G
    • Syntrophorhabdia
  • "Thermosulfidibacterota"
    • "Thermosulfidibacteria"
Deltaproteobacteria
others
others
  • "Qinglongiota"
    • "Qinglongiia"
  • "Salinosulfoleibacteria"
  • "Teskebacteria"
Taxon identifiers
Bacteriovorax
Bacteriovorax stolpii