Carapana language
Tucanoan language
Carapano | |
---|---|
Mõxtã | |
Native to | Colombia, Brazil |
Native speakers | 500 (2012)[1] |
Language family | Tucanoan
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | cbc |
Glottolog | cara1272 |
ELP | Carapana |
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Carapano (Karapanã, Carapana-tapuya, Möxdöá) is a Tucanoan language of Colombia and Brazil.
Phonology
Carapano has 11 consonants.[2]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
voiced | b | d | g | |||
Fricative | s | |||||
Tap | ɾ | |||||
Approximant | w | j | h |
- /p, t, k/ alternate with /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/.[3]
- /b, d, g/ become [m, n, ŋ] before nasal vowels.[3] They become [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑg] after nasal vowels.[3]
- /b, d/ alternate with [ᵐb, ⁿd] at the beginning of a word, e.g., báì /báì/ [báì]~[ᵐbáì] 'younger brother'.[3]
- /s/ alternates with /t͡s/.[4]
- /ɾ/ has three variants
- /w, h/ are often [β, x] before front vowels.[4]
- /j/ alternates with pre-stopped [ᵈj].[4]
- /w, j, h/ become [w̃, j̃, h̃] before nasal vowels.[4]
It also has 6 vowels and their nasalized forms, plus high and low tones.[2]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | u ũ |
Mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
Open | a ã |
- The mid vowels /e, ẽ, o, õ/ are phonetically [ɛ, ɛ̃, ɔ, ɔ̃].[5]
- Mid tone is an allotone of the low tone.[6]
Orthography
Metzger and Metzger use the following orthography.[7]
IPA | Orthography |
---|---|
a | a |
e | e |
i | i |
o | o |
u | u |
ɨ | ʉ |
ã | ã |
ẽ | ẽ |
ĩ | ĩ |
õ | õ |
ũ | ũ |
ɨ̃ | ʉ̃ |
b | b, m |
d | d, n |
j | y, ñ |
g | g, gu |
h | j |
k | c, qu |
p | p |
r | r |
s | s |
t | t |
w | w |
◌́ | ◌́ |
◌̀ | not marked |
References
- ^ Carapano at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 126.
- ^ a b c d Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 127.
- ^ a b c d e Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 128.
- ^ Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 130.
- ^ Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 131.
- ^ Metzger & Metzger 1973, p. 132.
Works cited
- Metzger, Ronald; Metzger, Lois (1973). "Fonología del carapana". Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas columbianos (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. pp. 121–132.
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