General Secretary of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo

Head of the confederation of Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade unions

General Secretary of the
Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
CNT emblem depicting Hercules wrestling the Nemean lion
CNT emblem
CNT flag
Incumbent
Erika Conrado Arredondo
since 27 January 2024
TypeGeneral secretary
Member ofConfederación Nacional del Trabajo
SeatGranollers
PrecursorGeneral Secretary of Solidaridad Obrera
Formation1 November 1910
First holderJosep Negre

The General Secretary or Secretary General of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo is the head of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour; CNT), a Spanish confederation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions. The position is elected by a congress or plenary session of the confederation. The position's powers are limited to technical and administrative affairs.

Since the confederation does not have fixed headquarters, the elected Secretary General's local federation becomes the confederation's central operations and a local plenary session of the local federation chooses the secretariats for other leadership positions. Together they are known as the Secretariado Permanente del Comité Confederal (Permanent Secretariat of the Confederal Committee, or SPCC). They, together with other regional federation's secretaries general, form the full Confederal Committee. The first general secretary of the CNT, chosen at its 1910 constitutional congress, was José Negre. He had been secretary general of Solidaridad Obrera, a Catalan union and precursor to the CNT. Thus Barcelona was the first headquarters.

The CNT operated clandestinely during years of repression and splintered. Sources support several timelines of CNT Secretaries General during this time.

Through the Civil War (1910–1939)

Unless specified otherwise, the Headquarters of the CNT's Secretary General and National Committee during this period were based in Barcelona.[1]

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Notes
1 Josep Negre[2]
(1875–1939) 		November 1910[1] September 1911
September 1911 1914[1] During this period, the CNT was banned by the government and organised clandestinely.[1]
2 Manuel Andreu[3]
(1889–1968) 		November 1915[3] August 1916[3] Legal restrictions against the CNT were lifted and it resumed public activity in 1915.[4]
3 Francisco Jordán[1]
(1886–1921) 		August 1916[1] February 1917 ‡[1]
4 Francisco Miranda[1]
(1869–1950) 		March 1917 August 1917 ‡[1]
– Manuel Buenacasa[1]
(1886–1964) 		August 1917[1] November 1917[1] Interim Secretary General, while Francisco Miranda was imprisoned.[1]
(4) Francisco Miranda
(1869–1950) 		December 1917 July 1918
5 Manuel Buenacasa[5]
(1886–1964) 		August 1918 December 1918[1]
6 Evelio Boal[6]
(1884–1921) 		January 1919 December 1919 As Provisional Secretary General.
December 1919 March 1921 ‡[1] Murdered on 12 June 1921.[7]
7 Andreu Nin[1]
(1892–1937) 		March 1921 May 1921[1]
8 Joaquim Maurín[1]
(1896–1950) 		August 1921 February 1922 ‡[1]
9 Joan Peiró[8]
(1887–1942) 		May 1922 December 1922
10 Salvador Seguí
(1887–1923) 		December 1922 10 March 1923 † Assassinated by pistoleros.
11 Manuel Adame[9]
(1901–1945) 		July 1923[9] 16 August 1923 ‡[9]
12 Paulino Díez[1]
(1892–1980) 		August 1923 25 December 1923 ‡ Headquartered in Seville.[1]
13 José Gracia Galán[10] April 1924 2 June 1924 ‡[10] Headquartered in Zaragoza.[10]
– Unknown[1] June 1924[1] September 1925[1] During this period, the CNT was outlawed by the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and carried out its activities clandestinely.[11] The identity of the secretary general at this time is unknown.[1]
14 Avelino González[1]
(1894–1938) 		September 1925[1] June 1926[1] Headquartered in Gijón.[1]
15 Segundo Blanco[1]
(1899–1957) 		July 1926 November 1926[1] Headquartered in Gijón.[1]
16
(9) 		Joan Peiró[8]
(1887–1942) 		January 1927 May 1929[1]
17 Ángel Pestaña[1]
(1886–1937) 		June 1929[1] June 1930
18 Progreso Alfarache[1]
(1888–1964) 		27 June 1930 27 September 1930 ‡
19 Francesc Arín[1] October 1930 December 1930 Serving as Interim Secretary General.[1]
December 1930 December 1931 The Second Spanish Republic was established during this period.
20
(17) 		Ángel Pestaña[1]
(1886–1937) 		December 1931 March 1932[1]
21 Manuel Rivas [ca][1] 19 March 1932 January 1933 ‡
22 Miguel Yoldi[1]
(1903–1961) 		December 1933 February 1935
23 Horacio Prieto[12]
(1902–1985) 		March 1935[13] May 1936[13] Headquartered in Zaragoza.[1] Provisionally replaced at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.[14]
– David Antona [es][15]
(1904–1945) 		18 July 1936[16] September 1936[14] Provisional Secretary General during the early months of the Spanish Civil War.[15]
(23) Horacio Prieto[17]
(1902–1985) 		September 1936[18] 18 November 1936[19] Re-election confirmed by national plenum on 4 August 1936.[16]
24 Mariano Vázquez[20]
(1909–1939) 		18 November 1936[21] February 1939[22] Headquarters transferred from Barcelona, to Madrid and then Valencia.[23] Term ended by the conclusion of the Catalonia Offensive.[1] Died in Paris in June 1939.[24]

During Franco (1939–1976)

During this period, the CNT worked clandestinely both inside Spain and in French exile. A schism among the exiles created two confederal committees with their own corresponding secretaries general.

In Spain

Name Took office Left office
Esteve Pallarols April 1939 November 1939
Manuel López López [ca] January 1940 July 1940
Celedonio Pérez Bernardo [ca] July 1940 February 1941
Eusebio Azañedo Grande [ca] December 1942 August 1943
Manuel Amil Barciá [ca] September 1943 September 1944
Siegfried Catalá Tineo [ca] September 1944 March 1945
Ramón Rufat Llop April 1945 July 1945
José Expósito Leiva [es] July 1945 October 1945
Ángel Morales Vázquez [ca] November 1945 March 1946
Lorenzo Íñigo Granizo March 1946 April 1946
Enrique Marco Nadal [es][25] May 1946 April 1947
Antonio Ejarque Pina May 1947 August 1947
Manuel Villar Mingo [es] August 1947 November 1947
Antonio Castaño Benavent [ca] April 1948 July 1949
Miguel Vallejo Sebastián [ca] July 1949 June 1951
Cipriano Damiano June 1951 June 1953
Ismael Rodríguez Ajax October 1960 October 1961
Francisco Calle Mancilla [ca] April 1962 February 1964
Cipriano Damiano April 1964 April 1965
Francisco Royano Fernández [ca] May 1965 September 1968

In exile

Name Election date Agency Town
Mariano Rodríguez Vázquez 1 25 February 1939 General Council of the MLE Paris
José Germán González [ca] June 1943 National Plenary (confederal) Mauriac
Juan Manuel Molina Mateo September 1943 National Plenary (confederal) Tourniac
Francisco Careño March 1944 National Plenary (confederal) Muret
Juan Manuel Molina Mateo October 1944 National Plenary (confederal) Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume May 1945 Paris Congress Paris

1. After his death, Germinal Esgleas Jaume took over.

Orthodox faction

Name Election date Agency Town
Germinal Esgleas Jaume - - -
Germinal Esgleas Jaume August 1946 Toulouse
Josep Peirats[26] October 1947 Congress of Local Federations Toulouse
Pedro Herrera Camarero April 1947 I Intercontinental Conference -
Emilio Julio González October 1948 1 Congress of Local Federations -
Luis Blanco February 1949 II Intercontinental Conference Toulouse
Josep Peirats[26] May 1950 I National Plenary (confederal) Toulouse
Martín Villarupia April 1951 II Intercontinental Plenary Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume July 1952 III Intercontinental Plenary Aymare
Germinal Esgleas Jaume July 1953 IV Intercontinental Plenary Session Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume August 1954 5th Intercontinental Plenary Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume August 1955 VI Intercontinental Plenary Session Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume July 1956 VII Intercontinental Plenary Session Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume August 1957 VIII Intercontinental Plenary Session Toulouse
Roque Santamaría Cortiguera [ca] August 1958 IX Intercontinental Plenary Toulouse
Roque Santamaría Cortiguera [ca] September 1959 X Intercontinental Plenary Vierzon
Roque Santamaría Cortiguera [ca] August 1960 Congress of Local Federations Limoges

1.He resigned in December 1948.

Possibilist faction

Name Election date Agency Town
Ramón Álvarez Palomo November 1945 Plenary of Regionals of Origin Toulouse
Ramón Álvarez Palomo August 1946 Plenary Toulouse
José Juan Domenech December 1947 I National Plenary (confederal) of Regionals Toulouse
José Juan Domenech May 1948 Plenary -
José Juan Domenech February 1949 II National Plenary (confederal) -
Helios Sánchez [ca] June 1950 III National Plenary (confederal) -
Miguel Vallejo Sebastián [ca] June 1952 IV National Plenary (confederal) -
Miguel Vallejo Sebastián [ca] March 1954 V National Plenary (confederal) -
Ramón Liarte [es] November 1955 VI National Plenary (confederal) -
Ginés Alonso [ca] August 1957 VII National Plenary (confederal) -
Ginés Alonso [ca] October 1958 VIII National Plenary (confederal) -
Ginés Alonso [ca] March 1960 IX National Plenary (confederal) Clermont Ferrand

Reunification of exiled factions

The reunification of the CNT was ratified by a congress in Caracas, Venezuela, on 18 December 1960.[27]

Name Election date Agency Town
Roque Santamaría Cortiguera [ca] August 1961 Congress of Local Federations Limoges
Roque Santamaría Cortiguera [ca] August 1962 Intercontinental Plenary Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume October 1963 Congress of Local Federations Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume August 1965 Congress of Local Federations Montpellier
Ferran Alemany [ca] August 1967 Intercontinental Plenary Marseille
Germinal Esgleas Jaume August 1969 Intercontinental Plenary Bordeaux
Germinal Esgleas Jaume August 1971 Intercontinental Plenary Session Marseille
Marciano Sigüenza [ca] 1 August 1973 Intercontinental Plenary Session Marseille
Alejandro Lamela [ca] August 1975 Congress of Local Federations Marseille

1. He resigned in January 1975.

Since the transition to democracy (1976–present)

Name Took office Left office Headquarters
Juan Gómez Casas [es] August 1976 April 1978 Madrid
Enric Marco April 1978 December 1979 Barcelona
José Bondía Román [ca] December 1979 January 1983 Madrid
Antonio Pérez Canales January 1983 - -
Fernando Montero July 1983 - -
Juan Gómez Casas [es] 1985 - -
José Luis García Rúa [es] March of 1986 1990 Granada
Vicente Vilanova 1990 - Valencia
José Ros November 1992 - Barcelona
Luis Fernando Barba [es] May 1995 December 1995 Granada
José Luis Velasco Sanz [es] December 1995 February 1998 Madrid
Luis Fuentes December 1998 October 2000 Bilbao
Ana Sigüenza[28] October 2000[28] March 2003[28] Madrid
Iñaki Gil [es] April 2003 July 2005 Vitoria-Gasteiz
Rafael Corrales Valverde July 2005 August 2007 Seville
Fidel Manrique August 2007 December 2010 Torrelavega
Alfonso Álvarez December 2010 April 2013 Córdoba
Pedro Serna April 2013 April 2015 Valladolid
Martín Paradelo [gl] April 2015 July 2017 Santiago de Compostela
Enrique Hoz July 2017 2019 Bilbao
Miguel García Romero 2019 November 2021 Lebrija
Isabel Arenales November 2021 December 2021 Valladolid
Antonio Díaz García [es] December 2021 January 2024 Madrid
Erika Conrado Arredondo January 2024 present Granollers

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Christie 2000, p. 7n7.
  2. ^ Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Ealham 2014, p. 100.
  3. ^ a b c Casado Gil 2016, p. 67n120; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 43.
  4. ^ Casado Gil 2016, p. 66.
  5. ^ Andrews 2021, p. 16; Christie 2000, p. 7n7.
  6. ^ Casanova 2005, pp. 89–90; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Esenwein 2023, p. 384.
  7. ^ Casanova 2005, pp. 89–90.
  8. ^ a b Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Esenwein 2023, pp. 405–406.
  9. ^ a b c Íñiguez 2001, p. 16.
  10. ^ a b c Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 283.
  11. ^ Christie 2000, p. 13.
  12. ^ Bolloten 1991, pp. xxxi, 207; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, p. 46.
  13. ^ a b Evans 2016, p. 46.
  14. ^ a b Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, pp. 46-47n111.
  15. ^ a b Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, p. 47n111.
  16. ^ a b Evans 2016, p. 47n111.
  17. ^ Bolloten 1991, pp. xxxi, 207; Brodie 2020a, pp. 54–55, 59; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, pp. 46, 53–54, 61–62, 264.
  18. ^ Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, p. 46.
  19. ^ Bolloten 1991, pp. xxxi, 207, 241; Brodie 2020a, pp. 54–55; Evans 2016, p. 46.
  20. ^ Ackelsberg 1985, p. 78; Balcells 2017, p. 90; Bolloten 1991, pp. xxxii, 207, 484, 499; Brodie 2020a, pp. xiv, 55, 60, 108, 141, 167, 171, 241; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, pp. 54, 142, 165–166, 182–183, 186n80, 204, 237–238, 267; Íñiguez 2001, p. 524.
  21. ^ Bolloten 1991, pp. xxxii, 207; Brodie 2020a, pp. xiv, 54–55, 241; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 524.
  22. ^ Bolloten 1991, p. xxxii; Christie 2000, p. 7n7.
  23. ^ Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 524.
  24. ^ Evans 2016, p. 267; Íñiguez 2001, p. 524.
  25. ^ Dunwoodie 1993, p. 98.
  26. ^ a b Ealham 2014, pp. 96–97.
  27. ^ Evans 2019, p. 333.
  28. ^ a b c Muñoz Encinar, Palomo Guijarro & Recio Cuesta 2010, p. 119.

Bibliography

  • Ackelsberg, Martha A. (1985). ""Separate and Equal"? Mujeres Libres and Anarchist Strategy for Women's Emancipation". Feminist Studies. 11 (1): 63–83. doi:10.2307/3180133. hdl:2027/spo.0499697.0011.106. JSTOR 3180133.
  • Andrews, Nathaniel (2021). Anarchism in Everyday Life (PDF) (PhD). University of Leeds.
  • Balcells, Albert (2017). "Collectivisations in Catalonia and the Region of Valencia during the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939" (PDF). Catalan Historical Review (10): 77–92. doi:10.2436/20.1000.01.133. ISSN 2013-407X.
  • Bolloten, Burnet (1991). The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1906-9. LCCN 89-77911.
  • Brodie, Morris (2020a). Transatlantic Anarchism during the Spanish Civil War and Revolution, 1936-1939: Fury Over Spain. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429328763. ISBN 9780429328763.
  • Casado Gil, María Reyes (2016). La Confederación Nacional del Trabajo en el Estado español: reorganización y crisis (1973-1980) (PhD) (in Spanish). National University of Distance Education.
  • Casanova, Julián (2005). "Terror and violence: The dark face of Spanish anarchism". International Labor and Working-Class History. 67: 79–99. doi:10.1017/S0147547905000098.
  • Christie, Stuart (2000). We, the Anarchists! A Study of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) 1927-1937. Hastings: Meltzer Press. ISBN 1901172066. OCLC 803517498.
  • Dunwoodie, Peter (1993). "Albert Camus and the Anarchist Alternative". Australian Journal of French Studies. 30 (1): 84–104. doi:10.3828/ajfs.30.1.84.
  • Ealham, Chris (2014). "Spanish Anarcho-Syndicalists in Toulouse: The Red-and-Black Counter-City in Exile". Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 91 (1–2): 95–114. doi:10.1080/14753820.2013.868652.
  • Esenwein, George (2023). "Spain in Revolt: The Revolutionary Legacy of Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism". In van der Linden, Marcel (ed.). The Cambridge History of Socialism. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 380–410. doi:10.1017/9781108611022.017. ISBN 978-1-108-48134-2.
  • Evans, Daniel (2016). The Conscience of the Spanish Revolution: Anarchist Opposition to State Collaboration in 1937 (PhD). University of Leeds.
  • Evans, Danny (2019). "Uprooted cosmopolitans? The post-war exile of Spanish anarchists in Venezuela, 1945-1965". Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies. 25 (2): 321–342. doi:10.1080/14701847.2019.1632037.
  • Íñiguez, Miguel (2001). Esbozo de una enciclopedia histórica del anarquismo español (in Spanish). Madrid: Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorenzo. ISBN 9788486864453. OCLC 807322760.
  • Muñoz Encinar, Laura; Palomo Guijarro, Gonzalo; Recio Cuesta, José Antonio (2010). "Comunismo libertario y autonomía indígena" [Libertarian communism and indigenous autonomy]. Historia Actual Online (in Spanish) (21): 111–121. ISSN 1696-2060. Retrieved 22 August 2024.

Further reading

  • Andrews, Nathaniel (2019). "Repression, solidarity, and a legacy of violence: Spanish anarcho-syndicalism and the years of 'pistolerismo', 1919–23". International Journal of Iberian Studies. 32 (3): 173–193. doi:10.1386/ijis_00004_1. ISSN 1364-971X.
  • Bolloten, Burnett (1961). The Grand Camouflage: The Communist Conspiracy in the Spanish Civil War. Hollis & Carter. OCLC 2476432.
  • Brodie, Morris (2020b). "An Infantile Disorder? Youth, Childhood, and the British Anarchist Movement During the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939". The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. 13 (1): 80–102. doi:10.1353/hcy.2020.0002.
  • Ealham, Chris (2015). Living Anarchism: José Peirats and the Spanish Anarcho-syndicalist Movement. AK Press. ISBN 9781849352390.
  • Evans, Danny (2022). "In and Against the State: The Making and Unmaking of the Barcelona May Days (1937)". European History Quarterly. 52 (3): 485–505. doi:10.1177/02656914221103464.
  • Evans, Danny; Stainforth, Elizabeth (2023). "Learning to live: Anarcho-syndicalism and utopia in Spain, 1931–37" (PDF). International Journal of Iberian Studies. 36 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1386/ijis_00078_1. ISSN 1364-971X.
  • Gabriel, Pere (2002). "Red Barcelona in the Europe of war and revolution, 1914–30". In Smith, Angel (ed.). Red Barcelona. Routledge. pp. 44–65. doi:10.4324/9780203219379-3 (inactive 9 September 2024). ISBN 0-203-21937-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (link)
  • Garner, Jason (2006). "Separated by an 'Ideological Chasm': The Spanish National Labour Confederation and Bolshevik Internationalism, 1917–1922". Contemporary European History. 15 (3): 293–326. doi:10.1017/S0960777306003341.
  • Garner, Jason (2016). Goals and Means: Anarchism, Syndicalism, and Internationalism in the Origins of the Federación Anarquista Ibérica. AK Press. ISBN 9781849352260.
  • Garner, Jason; Benclowicz, José Daniel (2021). "Failure of Praxis? European Revolutionary Anarchism in Revolutionary Situations 1917-1923". Left History. 24 (1): 10–44. doi:10.25071/1913-9632.39573. hdl:11336/184083. ISSN 1192-1927.
  • Garner, Jason (2023). "The Revue International Anarchiste's World Survey (1924–1925): A Transnational Attempt at Reappraising, Revising, and Reinvigorating the Anarchist Movement". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 17 (1): 1–26. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.17.1.0001.
  • Getman-Eraso, Jordi Wolcott (2001). Rethinking the revolution: Utopia and pragmatism in Catalan anarchosyndicalism, 1930–1936 (PhD). University of Wisconsin. ProQuest 3033318.
  • Gutiérrez, José Antonio; Martí Font, Jordi (2023). "October 2017 in Catalonia: The anarchists and the procés". Nations and Nationalism. 29 (1): 209–228. doi:10.1111/nana.12896. ISSN 1354-5078.
  • Herrerín, Ángel (2020). The Road to Anarchy: The CNT under the Spanish Second Republic (1931-1936). Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9781782846833.
  • Hijma, Bouwe (2005). "Guide to the International Archives and Collections at the IISH: Supplement over 2004". International Review of Social History. 50 (2): 345–361. doi:10.1017/S0020859005001999. JSTOR 44583514.
  • Kelsey, Graham (1991). Anarchosyndicalism, Libertarian Communism and the State: The CNT in Zaragoza and Aragon, 1930-1937. Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0792302753.
  • Lines, Lisa (2011). Milicianas: women in combat in the Spanish Civil War. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739164945.
  • Messenger, David A. (2006). "'Our Spanish Brothers' or 'As at Plombieres'? France, The Legacy of Resistance and the Spanish Opposition to Franco, 1945-1948". French History. 20 (1): 52–74. doi:10.1093/fh/cri053.
  • Molero-Mesa, Jorge; Jiménez-Lucena, Isabel (2013). "«Arm and brain»: Inclusion-exclusion dynamics related to medical professional within Spanish anarcho-syndicalism in the first third of the 20th century". Dynamis: Acta Hispanica Ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam. 33 (1): 19–41. doi:10.4321/S0211-95362013000100002. hdl:10481/75866. ISSN 0211-9536.
  • Payne, Stanley G. (2004). The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10068-X.
  • Paz, Abel (2006) [1996]. Durruti in the Spanish Revolution. Translated by Morse, Chuck. Edinburgh: AK Press. ISBN 1-904859-50-X. LCCN 2006920974. OCLC 482919277.
  • Peirats, José (2011). Ealham, Chris (ed.). The CNT in the Spanish Revolution. Translated by Sharkey, Paul; Ealham, Chris. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-207-2.
  • Romanos, Eduardo (2011a). "Anarchism, Franco's Dictatorship, and Postwar Europe". In Kouki, Hara; Romanos, Eduardo (eds.). Protest Beyond Borders: Contentious Politics in Europe since 1945. Berghahn Books. pp. 140–157. ISBN 978-1-84545-747-1.
  • Romanos, Eduardo (2011b). "Factionalism in Transition: A Comparison of Ruptures in the Spanish Anarchist Movement". Journal of Historical Sociology. 24 (3): 355–380. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2011.01401.x.
  • Romanos, Eduardo (2014). "Emotions, Moral Batteries and High-Risk Activism: Understanding the Emotional Practices of the Spanish Anarchists under Franco's Dictatorship". Contemporary European History. 23 (4): 545–564. doi:10.1017/S0960777314000319.
  • Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (1996). "The organized labour movement in Spain: The long road to its baptism of fire, 1868–1917". Tesserae. 2 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1080/13507499608569430.
  • Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (1994). Spain and the First World War: Neutrality and Crisis (PhD). Queen Mary University of London.
  • Russell, Matthew B. (2013). Postmemory, the Holocaust, and the re-moralization of the Spanish Civil War in contemporary Spanish cultural production (PhD). University of California, Davis. ProQuest 3602205.
  • Sennett, Alan (2014). "Revolutionary Marxists in Spain, 1930–1934". Revolutionary Marxism in Spain, 1930-1937. Brill Publishers. pp. 121–152. doi:10.1163/9789004270565_005. ISBN 9789004270565.
  • Sierra, María; Pro, Juan (October 2022). "Gypsy Anarchism: Navigating Ethnic and Political Identities". European History Quarterly. 52 (4): 593–612. doi:10.1177/02656914221097011. hdl:10261/280207. ISSN 0265-6914.
  • Téllez Solà, Antonio (2015). "Marcelino de la Parra, Anarcho-syndicalist Guerrilla from León". KSL: Bulletin of the Kate Sharpley Library (82–83). Translated by Sharkey, Paul: 7–9. ISSN 1475-0309.
  • Yeoman, James Michael (2019). "The Spanish Civil War". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 429–448. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
  • Zoffmann Rodriguez, Arturo (2018). "An Uncanny Honeymoon: Spanish Anarchism and the Bolshevik Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 1917–22". International Labor and Working-Class History. 94: 5–26. doi:10.1017/S0147547918000066.
  • Zoffmann Rodriguez, Arturo (2021). "Anarcho-Syndicalism and the Russian Revolution: Towards a Political Explanation of a Fleeting Romance, 1917-22". In Retish, Aaron; Rendle, Matthew (eds.). The Global Impact of the Russian Revolution. Routledge. pp. 65–85. doi:10.4324/9781003081418-6. ISBN 9781003081418.
  • Zoffmann Rodriguez, Arturo (2024). The Spanish Anarchists and the Russian Revolution, 1917–24: Anguish and Enthusiasm. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000965315.
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