John Minor Wisdom
John Minor Wisdom | |
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Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit | |
In office January 15, 1977 – May 15, 1999 | |
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit | |
In office June 27, 1957 – January 15, 1977 | |
Appointed by | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Preceded by | Wayne G. Borah |
Succeeded by | Alvin Benjamin Rubin |
Personal details | |
Born | John Minor Wisdom (1905-05-17)May 17, 1905 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
Died | May 15, 1999(1999-05-15) (aged 93) New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
Political party | Republican |
Education | Washington and Lee University (BA) Tulane University (LLB) |
John Minor Wisdom (May 17, 1905 – May 15, 1999), one of the "Fifth Circuit Four", and a Republican from Louisiana, was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit during the 1950s and 1960s, when that court became known for a series of crucial decisions that advanced the goals of the Civil Rights Movement. At that time, the Fifth Circuit included not only Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas (its jurisdiction since October 1, 1981), but also Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the Panama Canal Zone.
Early life and education
Wisdom was born on May 17, 1905, in New Orleans, Louisiana, and graduated from the Isidore Newman School. In 1925, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. In 1929, he received a Bachelor of Laws from Tulane University Law School, graduating first in his class.[1][2]
Early career
Wisdom was a United States Army lieutenant colonel from 1942 to 1946. He was in private practice of law in New Orleans from 1929 to 1957. He was an adjunct professor of law at Tulane University from 1938 to 1957.[2] As a young man, he was a Democrat, but he left that party in reaction to what he perceived as the corrupt administration of Governor Huey Pierce Long, Jr. As the Republican National Committeeman from Louisiana, Wisdom was instrumental in securing the nomination of Dwight D. Eisenhower at the 1952 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Illinois.[3] Wisdom was also credited for helping Eisenhower to win Louisiana in the 1956 general election, the first time Louisiana had voted Republican in 80 years.[4]
Federal judicial service
In what was seen as a reward for his services,[5] Wisdom was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 14, 1957, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit vacated by Judge Wayne G. Borah. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 26, 1957, and received his commission the next day. He was a member of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (MDL) from its creation in 1968 and was the Panel’s chairman from 1975 until 1978.[6] He served on the Special Court created under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act starting in 1975, becoming Presiding Judge from 1986, when Judge Henry Friendly retired, until 1996 when the Special Court was dissolved.[7] He assumed senior status on January 15, 1977. His service terminated on May 15, 1999, due to his death in New Orleans.[2]
From 1947 to 1972 John Minor Wisdom lived at Brevard-Rice House, 1239 First Street, in New Orleans Garden District.[8]
Honors
President Bill Clinton awarded Wisdom the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1993.[9] On May 25, 1994, the Fifth Circuit's headquarters in New Orleans was renamed the John Minor Wisdom U.S. Court of Appeals Building.[9]
Legacy
Upon his death, Wisdom left all of his writings, papers, and a variety of other personal effects, to Tulane University Law School, which now displays them in the law school building, Weinmann Hall.[10] He also left a sizable collection of his personal Mardi Gras memorabilia to the University of New Orleans.[11]
Wisdom is one of the subjects of the book Unlikely Heroes by Jack Bass, about the Southern Federal judges who helped implement the desegregation of the South.[12][13] A full-length biography, Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom,[14] was written by Professor Joel William Friedman of Tulane Law School, and was published in January 2009 by Louisiana State University Press.[15][16]
Wisdom's former law clerks include
- United States Senator Lamar Alexander;
- Judge William H. Pryor Jr. of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit;
- Judge Martin Leach-Cross Feldman of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana;
- Judge D. Brock Hornby of the United States District Court for the District of Maine;
- United States Bankruptcy Judge Jerry Brown of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana;
- United States Magistrate Judge Viktor V. Pohorelsky of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York;
- Justice Nora Margaret Manella of the California Courts of Appeal;
- Professor Philip Frickey of the University of California, Berkeley School of Law;
- Professor Martha Field of Harvard Law School;
- Ricki Tigert Helfer, former chair of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;
- Jack Weiss, Chancellor of Louisiana State University Paul M. Hebert Law Center;
- Barry Sullivan, former dean of the Washington and Lee University School of Law;
- Professor Glynn S. Lunney, Jr. of the Texas A&M University School of Law;
- and Gail B. Agrawal, dean of the University of Iowa College of Law.[citation needed]
Quote
"The Constitution is both color blind and color conscious. To avoid conflict with the equal protection clause, a classification that denies a benefit, causes harm, or imposes a burden must not be based on race. In that sense the Constitution is color blind. But the Constitution is color conscious to prevent discrimination being perpetuated and to undo the effects of past discrimination. The criterion is the relevancy of color to a legitimate government purpose."
- - Wisdom, writing for the majority in U.S. v. Jefferson County Board of Education, 372 F.2d 836 (1966).[17]
See also
References
- ^ "Wisdom > Early Years". library.law.tulane.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
- ^ a b c John Minor Wisdom at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
- ^ Joel William Friedman, "Judge Wisdom and the 1952 Republican National Convention: Ensuring Victory for Eisenhower and a Two-Party System for Louisiana", Washington and Lee Law Review, vol. 53, no. 1 (1996).
- ^ "Louisiana Presidential Election Voting History". www.270towin.com. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
- ^ "Reward for Wisdom," Time Magazine, March 25, 1957
- ^ "Tulane University - Alumni Affairs - taa alumni awards distinguished 1989". tulane.edu.
- ^ Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts Special Railroad Court to Close Doors (November 1996)"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Tes1ess (2016-05-16). "Brevard-Rice House – New Orleans, LA". The Ultimate Guide to Plantations of Louisiana. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Wisdom > Later Years". library.law.tulane.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
- ^ "Wisdom > Homepage". library.law.tulane.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
- ^ Amsberryaugier, Lora. "Library Guides: MSS 197 - Judge John Minor Wisdom Collection: Summary". libguides.uno.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
- ^ Jack Bass, Unlikely Heroes: The Dramatic Story of the Southern Judges of the Fifth Circuit who Translated the Supreme Court's Brown Decision Into a Revolution for Equality (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), ISBN 0-671-25064-7, ISBN 978-0-671-25064-5.
- ^ Amazon.com listing for Unlikely Heroes
- ^ Joel William Friedman, Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), ISBN 978-0-8071-3384-2.
- ^ Champion of Civil Rights announcement Archived 2008-04-23 at the Wayback Machine at LSU Press website.
- ^ Brett W. Curry, Review of Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom, Law and Politics Book Review vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 366-370 (2009).
- ^ Circuit, United States Court of Appeals Fifth (1966-12-29). "372 F2d 836 United States v. Jefferson County Board of Education". F2d (372): 836.
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External links
- John Minor Wisdom U.S. Court of Appeals Building Archived 2004-10-15 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
- Joel W. Friedman, Desegregating the South: John Minor Wisdom's Role in Enforcing Brown's Mandate, 78 Tul. L. Rev. 6 (2004).
- John Minor Wisdom Collection, 1710–1960, Louisiana Research Collection, Tulane University
- Judge John Minor Wisdom Collection at the University of New Orleans in the Louisiana Digital Library
- “Eyes on the Prize; Interview with John Minor Wisdom,” 1985-10-31, American Archive of Public Broadcasting
Legal offices | ||
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Preceded by | Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 1957–1977 | Succeeded by |
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groups
- Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
- Atlanta Negro Voters League
- Atlanta Student Movement
- Black Panther Party
- Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
- Committee for Freedom Now
- Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
- Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
- Council of Federated Organizations
- Dallas County Voters League
- Deacons for Defense and Justice
- Georgia Council on Human Relations
- Highlander Folk School
- Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
- Lowndes County Freedom Organization
- Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
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- NAACP
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- Nation of Islam
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- National Council of Negro Women
- National Urban League
- Operation Breadbasket
- Regional Council of Negro Leadership
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
- Southern Regional Council
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
- The Freedom Singers
- United Auto Workers (UAW)
- Wednesdays in Mississippi
- Women's Political Council
- Ralph Abernathy
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- Ezell Blair Jr.
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- Dick Gregory
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- Vernon Jordan
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- Clyde Kennard
- A. D. King
- C.B. King
- Coretta Scott King
- Martin Luther King Jr.
- Martin Luther King Sr.
- Bernard Lafayette
- James Lawson
- Bernard Lee
- Sanford R. Leigh
- Jim Letherer
- Stanley Levison
- John Lewis
- Viola Liuzzo
- Z. Alexander Looby
- Joseph Lowery
- Clara Luper
- Danny Lyon
- Malcolm X
- Mae Mallory
- Vivian Malone
- Bob Mants
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- Franklin McCain
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- William Lewis Moore
- Irene Morgan
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- Diane Nash
- Charles Neblett
- Huey P. Newton
- Edgar Nixon
- Jack O'Dell
- James Orange
- Rosa Parks
- James Peck
- Charles Person
- Homer Plessy
- Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
- Fay Bellamy Powell
- Rodney N. Powell
- Al Raby
- Lincoln Ragsdale
- A. Philip Randolph
- George Raymond
- George Raymond Jr.
- Bernice Johnson Reagon
- Cordell Reagon
- James Reeb
- Frederick D. Reese
- Walter Reuther
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- Bernice Robinson
- Jo Ann Robinson
- Angela Russell
- Bayard Rustin
- Bernie Sanders
- Michael Schwerner
- Bobby Seale
- Pete Seeger
- Cleveland Sellers
- Charles Sherrod
- Alexander D. Shimkin
- Fred Shuttlesworth
- Modjeska Monteith Simkins
- Glenn E. Smiley
- A. Maceo Smith
- Kelly Miller Smith
- Mary Louise Smith
- Maxine Smith
- Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
- Charles Kenzie Steele
- Hank Thomas
- Dorothy Tillman
- A. P. Tureaud
- Hartman Turnbow
- Albert Turner
- C. T. Vivian
- A. T. Walden
- Wyatt Tee Walker
- Hollis Watkins
- Walter Francis White
- Roy Wilkins
- Hosea Williams
- Kale Williams
- Robert F. Williams
- Q. V. Williamson
- Andrew Young
- Whitney Young
- Sammy Younge Jr.
- Bob Zellner
- James Zwerg
songs
- "Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
- "If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
- "Kumbaya"
- "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
- "Oh, Freedom"
- "This Little Light of Mine"
- "We Shall Not Be Moved"
- "We Shall Overcome"
- "Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
- Jim Crow laws
- Lynching in the United States
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- Buchanan v. Warley
- Hocutt v. Wilson
- Sweatt v. Painter
- Hernandez v. Texas
- Loving v. Virginia
- African-American women in the movement
- Jews in the civil rights movement
- Fifth Circuit Four
- 16th Street Baptist Church
- Kelly Ingram Park
- A.G. Gaston Motel
- Bethel Baptist Church
- Brown Chapel
- Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
- Holt Street Baptist Church
- Edmund Pettus Bridge
- March on Washington Movement
- African-American churches attacked
- List of lynching victims in the United States
- Freedom Schools
- Freedom songs
- Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
- "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence"
- Voter Education Project
- 1960s counterculture
- African American founding fathers of the United States
- Eyes on the Prize
- In popular culture
- Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
- Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
- Civil Rights Memorial
- Civil Rights Movement Archive
- Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
- Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
- Freedom Rides Museum
- Freedom Riders National Monument
- King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
- Martin Luther King Jr. Day
- Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
- Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
- National Civil Rights Museum
- National Voting Rights Museum
- St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
historians
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