Kamakã language
Extinct Macro-Je language of Brazil
| Kamakã | |
|---|---|
| Ezeshio | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Bahia |
| Extinct | first half 20th century |
Language family | |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | vkm |
| Glottolog | kama1372 Kamakan |
The Kamakã language (Kamakan), or Ezeshio, is an extinct language of a small family, belonging to the Macro-Jê languages of Brazil.[1] Kotoxó and Mongoyó/Mangaló are sometimes included as dialects.
Phonology
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | u ũ |
| Close-mid | e ẽ | ə | o õ |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a ã |
- /ə/ can also be realized as a back vowel sound [ʌ].
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ | x | h |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||
| Glide | j | w |
- /ɾ/ can be in free variation with a fricative [ʒ] and a lateral [l].
- /n/ is heard as [ŋ] when preceding /k/.[2]
Classification
Kamakã is a Macro-Jê language. It was spoken by several groups of indigenous peoples who lived in Bahia, including the Kamakã, Mongoyó, Menién, Kotoxó and Masakará.[3]
References
- ^ Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ^ Grahl, João A. P. (2009). Kamakã em Prolog: Possibilidades de análise de uma língua de tradição oral morta. Universidade Federal do Paraná.
- ^ Rivail Ribeiro et van der Voort 2010, p. 547.
Sources
- Eduardo Rivail Ribeiro, Hein van der Voort, Nimuendajú Was Right : The Inclusion of the Jabuti Language Family in the Macro-Jê Stock, International Journal of American Linguistics, 76:4, pp. 517-570, 2010.
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languages
| Arawakan | |
|---|---|
| Arawan | |
| Cariban | |
| Panoan | |
| Macro-Jê | |
| Nadahup | |
| Tupian | |
| Chapacuran | |
| Tukanoan | |
| Nambikwaran | |
| Others |
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