Kokel culture

Ancient community of southern Siberia

51°27′29″N 91°06′12″E / 51.458104°N 91.103251°E / 51.458104; 91.103251

Kokel culture is located in Continental Asia
Kokel
Kokel culture
300
Xianbei
Tashtyk
Kokel
Khotan
Gaoju
Turks
CHAM-
PA
Sargat
HYMYAR
JIN
DYNASTY
GOGU-
RYEO
WESTERN
SATRAPS
VAKA-
TAKAS
KUSHANO-
SASANIANS
LITTLE
KUSHANS
XIONITES
KANGJU
SASANIAN
EMPIRE
ROMAN
EMPIRE
HUNS
FUNAN
Jushi
TOCHARIANS
TUYUHUN
Paleo-Siberians
Samoyeds
Tungus
MEROË
AKSUM
class=notpageimage|
The Kokel Culture and contemporary cultures and polities circa 300 CE
Geographical rangeSouth SiberiaDates2nd to 5th century CEMajor sitesTunnug, Shurmak, Syyn-Churek, KatylygPreceded byAldy-Bel culture, Pazyryk culture, Tagar culture, Xiongnu EmpireFollowed byFirst Turkic Khaganate

The Kokel Culture (1st-5th centuries CE) is a post-Xiongnu culture, from Southern Siberia, in what is now the modern-day Tuva Republic.[1] This culture is located temporally in the interval between the fall of the Xiongnu Empire (2nd century CE) and the rise of the First Turkic Khaganate (6th century CE).[2] In Russian archaeology, it is considered as belonging to the "Hunno-Sarmatian period" (2nd century BCE and 5th century CE).[3]

The Kokel culture has also been named "Syyn-Churek culture", or "Shurmak culture", based on the names of the sites of various archaeological discoveries.[4]

Carbon dates for the Kokel sites generally range from the 2nd to the 4th centuries CE.[5]

Kokel culture graves (2nd-4th century CE) tend to be found in conjunction with earlier graves of the Early Iron Age (9th century BCE-) Saka cultures, and the later graves of the Turkic period (5th century CE-).[6]

  • Sites of the Kokel culture, just north of the frontier with Mongolia
    Sites of the Kokel culture, just north of the frontier with Mongolia
  • Kokel Culture cemetery, next to the Saka Arzhan tumulus at Tunnug 1, Tuva Republic.[1]
    Kokel Culture cemetery, next to the Saka Arzhan tumulus at Tunnug 1, Tuva Republic.[1]
  • Kokel culture gold artifacts from Tunnug 1
    Kokel culture gold artifacts from Tunnug 1
  • Arrowheads found in the skeletal remains of people of the Kokel culture
    Arrowheads found in the skeletal remains of people of the Kokel culture
  • Kokel culture iron and ceramic vessels
    Kokel culture iron and ceramic vessels

References

  1. ^ a b Sadykov et al. 2021.
  2. ^ Sadykov et al. 2021, "From the end of the Xiongnu Empire to the establishment of the first Turkic Khaganate, the territory of Southern Siberia sees the emergence of distinctive local material cultures. The Kokel culture is essentially unknown in the international English-language literature even though archaeological sites pertaining to this material culture are among the most common in Tuva (Southern Siberia).".
  3. ^ Sadykov et al. 2021, "The time between 2nd century BCE and 5th century CE in Central Asia is traditionally referred to in Soviet archaeological literature as the “Hunno-Sarmatian Period".
  4. ^ Sadykov et al. 2021, "These researchers independently named the same assemblage of materials Syyn-Churek culture [2] (based on the name of the excavated site, cf. Fig 1) and Shurmak culture [3] (also based on the site name cf. Fig 1). Stylistic comparisons classified the Kokel culture to belong within the chronological borders of the Hunno-Sarmatian period (2nd century BCE–5th century CE).".
  5. ^ Sadykov et al. 2021, "Until recently, only a few radiocarbon dates were available for Kokel sites. A small series of samples was measured for the Katylyg 5 fortified settlement (Table 1, cf. [16]), with almost all estimates falling between the 2nd–4th centuries CE (2σ).".
  6. ^ Chan et al. 2022, "Structures dated to the medieval period at Tunnug 1, including those attributed to Turkic burial culture, are found south of those of Early Iron Age (9th century BCE) and Kokel (2nd-4th century CE)".

Sources

  • Sadykov, Timur; Caspari, Gino; Blochin, Jegor; Lösch, Sandra; Kapinus, Yulija; Milella, Marco (16 July 2021). "The Kokel of Southern Siberia: New data on a post-Xiongnu material culture". PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0254545. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254545. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8284818.
  • Chan, Annie; Sadykov, Timur; Blochin, Jegor; Hajdas, Irka; Caspari, Gino (22 September 2022). "The polymorphism and tradition of funerary practices of medieval Turks in light of new findings from Tuva Republic". PLOS ONE. 17 (9).
  • v
  • t
  • e
Polities
CultureArchaeology
Southern Russia
Western China
Mongolia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Afghanistan
Iran
Artifacts
  • v
  • t
  • e
Territories/
dates		 Khorasan Margiana Bactria Sogdia Trans-Jaxartes steppes Altai Mountains
Preceded by: Chronology of the Neolithic period
3500–2500 BCE (Eastern migration of the Yamnaya culture from the Pontic steppe through the Eurasian Steppe,as far as the Altai region)
Afanasievo culture
(Proto-Tocharian)
2400–2000 BCE Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2000–1900 BCE Andronovo Culture
2000–900 BCE
626–539 BCE Median Empire
Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages 		Saka
Massagetae
Tomyris 		Saka
Skunkha 		Saka
(Arzhan culture)
(Pazyryk Culture)
539–331 BCE
Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
331–256 BCE Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
Argead dynasty: Alexander I Philip Alexander II Antigonus

Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II

Saka Yuezhi
256–160 BCE Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I 		Yuezhi Xiongnu
Modu Chanyu Laoshang

Hunnic tribes
160–141 BCE Parthian Empire
Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I Vologases III Parthamaspates Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV 		Eucratides
141 BCE–30 CE Yuezhi
Arseiles Sapadbizes Heraios
30 –224 CE Kushan Empire
Kujula Kadphises Vima Takto Vima Kadphises Kanishka I Huvishka Vasudeva I 		Saka
224–350 CE Sasanian Empire
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm Khosrow II Kavad II Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh 		Kushano-Sasanians
Ardashir I Peroz I Hormizd I Hormizd II Peroz II Varahran 		Kangju
Wanunkhur
320 CE–467 CE Kidarites
Yosada Kirada Peroz Kidara Grumbates Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) Goboziko
370 CE–540 CE Alchon Huns
Khingila Javukha Mehama Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman Toramana Mihirakula
440 CE–560 CE Hephthalites
Akhshunwar Kun-khi Ghadfar
560 CE–651 CE First Turkic Khaganate
(Ashina Tuwu) Bumin Qaghan Issik Qaghan Muqan Qaghan Taspar Qaghan Ashina Anluo Ishbara Qaghan Bagha Qaghan Tulan Qaghan (Istämi) (Empress Ashina) (Apa Qaghan) (Yangsu Tegin) (Tamgan)
560 CE–625 CE Western Turks
(vassal of the Tang dynasty 657–742)
Niri Qaghan Heshana Khagan Sheguy Tong Yabghu Qaghan
625 CE–651 CE Tokhara Yabghus
Tardush Shad Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili 		Külüg Sibir Irbis Bolun Cabgu Duolu Qaghan Ishbara Tolis Yukuk Shad Irbis Seguy Ashina Helu
651–673 CE Muslim conquest of Persia
673–751 CE Muslim conquest of Transoxiana Second Turkic Khaganate
Rulers of the Ancient Near-East