List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
![A well developed hurricane approaching Baja California, Mexico, from the south. It features a mostly circular cloud mass surrounding a defined eye.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Odile_Sept_14_2014_1755Z_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Odile_Sept_14_2014_1755Z_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Category 4, the second-highest classification on the Saffir–Simpson scale,[nb 1] is used for tropical cyclones that have winds of 130–156 mph (209–251 km/h; 113–136 kn). The division of the eastern and central Pacific basins occurs at 140° W; the eastern Pacific covers area east of 140° W, while the central Pacific extends between 140° W to 180° W. Both basins' division points are at 66° N as a northern point and the equator as the southern point. As of 2024[update], 143 hurricanes have attained Category 4 status in the northeastern Pacific basins. This list does not include storms that also attained Category 5 status on the scale.
Numerous climatological factors influence the formation of hurricanes in the Pacific basins. The North Pacific High and Aleutian Low, usually present between January and April, cause strong wind shear and unfavorable conditions for the development of hurricanes. During its presence, El Niño results in increased numbers of powerful hurricanes through weaker wind shear, while La Niña reduces the number of such hurricanes through the opposite. Global warming may also influence the formation of tropical cyclones in the Pacific basin. During a thirty-year period with two sub-periods, the first between 1975 and 1989 and the second between 1990 and 2004, an increase of thirteen Category 4 or 5 storms was observed from the first sub-period.
Statistics and background
![Tracks of all known Category 4 Pacific hurricanes from 1949 to 2011 in the central and eastern Pacific basins.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Map_of_Pacific_Category_4_hurricanes.png/260px-Map_of_Pacific_Category_4_hurricanes.png)
On the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, "Category 4" is the second-most powerful classification, with winds ranging between 130 and 156 mph (209 and 251 km/h; 113 and 136 kn). When these hurricanes make landfall, impacts are usually severe but are not as destructive as Category 5 hurricanes that come ashore.[1] The term "maximum sustained wind" refers to the average wind speed measured during the period of one minute at the height of 10 feet (3.0 m) above the ground. The windspeed is measured at that height to prevent disruption from obstructions. Wind gusts in tropical cyclones are usually approximately 30% stronger than the one-minute maximum sustained winds.[2]
The northeastern Pacific hurricane basins are divided into two parts – eastern and central. The eastern Pacific basin extends from all areas of the Pacific north of the equator east of 140° W, while the central Pacific basin includes areas north of the equator between 140° W and 180° W.[3] Both basins extend to the Arctic Circle at 66° N.[4]
When tropical cyclones cross from the Atlantic into the Pacific, the name of the previous storm is retained if the system continues to exhibit tropical characteristics; however, when hurricanes degenerate into a remnant low-pressure area, the system is designated with the next name on the rotating eastern Pacific hurricane naming list.[5]
Since 1900, 143 Category 4 hurricanes have been recorded in the eastern and central Pacific basins. Of these, fourteen have attained Category 4 status on more than one occasion, by weakening to a status on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale lower than Category 4 and later restrengthening into a Category 4. Such storms are demarcated by the dates they first attained and the final time they lost the intensity. Only four storms, Hurricane Fico in 1978, Hurricane Norbert in 1984, Hurricane Hector in 2018, and Hurricane Dora in 2023, reached Category 4 status three times or more.[6]
Between 1970 and 1975, advisories for systems in the eastern Pacific basins were initiated by the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center (EPHC) as part of the National Weather Service (NWS) office in San Francisco, California. At that time, the advisories released were written in cooperation with the United States Navy Fleet Weather Center in Alameda and the Air Force Hurricane Liaison Officer at the McClellan Air Force Base. Following the move of the hurricane center to Redwood City in 1976, track files were created and altered by Arthur Pike and were later re-modified following the release of a study in 1980. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) extended its authority to the EPHC in 1988, and subsequently began maintaining the tracks.[7]
Climatology
![The track of Hurricane Sandra in 2015](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sandra_2015_track.png/230px-Sandra_2015_track.png)
A total of 143 Category 4 hurricanes have been recorded in the eastern and central Pacific basins since 1900. Only two Category 4 hurricanes have been recorded in May, in addition to 14 in June, 25 in July, 31 in August, 32 in September, 20 in October, and two in November.[6] No Category 4 storms have developed during the off-season.[6] It is theorized that global warming was responsible for an increase of 13 Category 4 and 5 storms that developed in the eastern Pacific, from 36 in the period of 1975–1989 to 49 in the period of 1990–2004. It was estimated that if sea-surface temperatures ascended by 2 to 2.5 degrees, the intensity of tropical cyclones would increase by 6–10% internationally. During years with the existence of an El Niño, sea-surface temperatures increase in the eastern Pacific, resulting in an increase in activity as vertical wind shear decreases in the Pacific; the opposite happens in the Atlantic basin during El Niño, when wind shear increases creating an unfavourable environment for tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic.[8] Contrary to El Niño, La Niña increases wind shear over the eastern Pacific and reduces it over the Atlantic.[9]
The presence of a semi-permanent high-pressure area known as the North Pacific High in the eastern Pacific is a dominant factor against formation of tropical cyclones in the winter, as the Pacific High results in wind shear that causes environmental conditions for tropical cyclone formation to be unconducive. Its effects in the central Pacific basin are usually related to keeping cyclones away from the Hawaiian Islands. Due to westward trade winds, hurricanes in the Pacific nearly never head eastward, although several storms have defied the odds and headed eastward. A second factor preventing tropical cyclones from forming during the winter is the occupation of a semi-permanent low-pressure area designated the Aleutian Low between January and April. Its presence over western Canada and the northwestern United States contributes to the area's occurrences of precipitation in that duration. In addition, its effects in the central Pacific near 160° W causes tropical waves that form in the area to drift northward into the Gulf of Alaska and dissipate. Its retreat in late-April allows the warmth of the Pacific High to meander in, bringing its powerful clockwise wind circulation with it. The Intertropical Convergence Zone departs southward in mid-May permitting the formation of the earliest tropical waves,[4] coinciding with the start of the eastern Pacific hurricane season on May 15.[10]
Cooler waters near the Baja California peninsula are thought to prevent storms in the eastern Pacific from transitioning into an extratropical cyclone; as of 2009, only three storms listed in the database are known to have successfully completed an extratropical transition.[7]
Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
1950s
During the 1950s, there were three Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A dagger (†) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time.
Storm name | Season | Dates as a Category 4 | Time as a Category 4 | Peak one-minute sustained winds | Pressure | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unnamed | 1957 | October 21–22 | 12 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Dot† | 1959 | August 2–5 | 72 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 952 hPa (28.1 inHg) | [6][11] |
"Mexico" | 1959 | October 26–27 | 36 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 955 hPa (28.2 inHg) | [6][12] |
Notes:
|
1970s
During the 1970s, there were 18 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A dagger (†) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time.
Storm name | Season | Dates as a Category 4 | Time as a Category 4 | Peak one-minute sustained winds | Pressure | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denise | 1971 | July 9 | 12 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 951 hPa (28.1 inHg) | [6] |
Celeste | 1972 | August 14 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 940 hPa (28 inHg) | [6] |
Doreen | 1973 | July 20 | 6 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 968 hPa (28.6 inHg) | [6] |
Emily | 1973 | July 23 | 6 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 972 hPa (28.7 inHg) | [6] |
Maggie | 1974 | August 28–29 | 24 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 934 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6] |
Denise | 1975 | July 9 | 12 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Katrina | 1975 | September 3 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Annette | 1976 | June 8–11 | 54 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 925 hPa (27.3 inHg) | [6] |
Iva | 1976 | August 28 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Liza | 1976 | September 29 – October 1 | 42 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6] |
Madeline | 1976 | October 7–8 | 12 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 940 hPa (28 inHg) | [6] |
Carlotta‡ | 1978 | June 21–22 | 24 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Fico‡ | 1978 | July 11–16 | 72 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 955 hPa (28.2 inHg) | [6] |
Hector | 1978 | July 25 | 18 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Norman | 1978 | September 2–3 | 36 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Susan† | 1978 | October 21 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6][16] |
Enrique | 1979 | August 22 | 18 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Ignacio | 1979 | October 27–28 | 18 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 938 hPa (27.7 inHg) | [6] |
Notes:
|
1980s
During the 1980s, there were 23 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A dagger (†) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time.
Storm name | Season | Dates as a Category 4 | Time as a Category 4 | Peak one-minute sustained winds | Pressure | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kay | 1980 | September 18 | 18 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Olivia | 1982 | September 21–22 | 30 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Barbara | 1983 | June 13–14 | 24 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Henriette | 1983 | July 30–31 | 18 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Kiko‡ | 1983 | September 2–4 | 66 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Raymond† ‡ | 1983 | October 11–15 | 42 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | Unknown | [6][17] |
Tico | 1983 | October 19 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Douglas | 1984 | June 28–30 | 48 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Elida | 1984 | July 1 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Iselle | 1984 | August 8–9 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Norbert‡ | 1984 | September 21–24 | 36 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Ignacio† | 1985 | July 23–24 | 24 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6][18] |
Jimena | 1985 | July 24 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Rick** | 1985 | September 8–10 | 42 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Estelle* | 1986 | July 20–21 | 36 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6][19] |
Javier‡ | 1986 | August 25 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Roslyn | 1986 | October 18–20 | 42 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Max | 1987 | September 12–14 | 42 hours | 155 mph (250 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Ramon | 1987 | October 9–10 | 36 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | Unknown | [6] |
Hector | 1988 | August 2–4 | 36 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 935 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][20] |
Fabio† | 1988 | August 3 | 12 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 943 hPa (27.8 inHg) | [6][21][22] |
Octave | 1989 | September 13 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][23] |
Raymond | 1989 | September 30 – October 1 | 30 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 935 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][24] |
Notes:
|
1990s
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Olivia_1994-09-25_2000Z.png/220px-Olivia_1994-09-25_2000Z.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pauline_1997-10-08_1800Z.png/220px-Pauline_1997-10-08_1800Z.png)
During the 1990s, there were 34 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A dagger (†) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time. The most intense storms of the decade in terms of sustained winds were 1990's Hernan and Trudy with 155 mph (250 km/h). While the strongest hurricane in terms of barometric pressure was 1990's Trudy with 924 hPa (27.29 inHg).
Storm name | Season | Dates as a Category 4 | Time as a Category 4 | Peak one-minute sustained winds | Pressure | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hernan | 1990 | July 22–25 | 60 hours | 155 mph (250 km/h) | 928 hPa (27.4 inHg) | [6][25] |
Marie† | 1990 | September 11 | 24 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 944 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [6][26][27] |
Odile | 1990 | September 26–27 | 36 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 935 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][28] |
Trudy‡ | 1990 | October 19–27 | 78 hours | 155 mph (250 km/h) | 924 hPa (27.3 inHg) | [6][29] |
Jimena‡ | 1991 | September 23–26 | 48 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 945 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [6][30] |
Kevin | 1991 | September 29 – October 2 | 72 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 935 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][31] |
Celia | 1992 | June 27–28 | 42 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 935 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][32] |
Estelle‡ | 1992 | July 12–14 | 30 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 943 hPa (27.8 inHg) | [6][33] |
Frank | 1992 | July 17–19 | 36 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 935 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][34] |
Orlene | 1992 | September 5–7 | 60 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 934 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][35] |
Iniki† | 1992 | September 11–12 | 24 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 938 hPa (27.7 inHg) | [6][36] |
Tina | 1992 | September 29 – October 2 | 66 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 932 hPa (27.5 inHg) | [6][37] |
Virgil | 1992 | October 3 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][38] |
Dora | 1993 | July 16–17 | 24 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 945 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [6][39] |
Fernanda | 1993 | August 11–13 | 42 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 934 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][40] |
Keoni† | 1993 | August 16–17 | 24 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 943 hPa (27.8 inHg) | [6][41] |
Greg | 1993 | August 19–20 | 30 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][42] |
Jova | 1993 | September 1 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][43] |
Kenneth | 1993 | September 10–12 | 36 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 932 hPa (27.5 inHg) | [6][44] |
Lidia | 1993 | September 11 | 24 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 930 hPa (27 inHg) | [6][45] |
Lane | 1994 | September 6–7 | 18 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][46] |
Olivia | 1994 | September 25–26 | 24 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 923 hPa (27.3 inHg) | [6][47] |
Adolph | 1995 | June 18 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][48] |
Barbara‡ | 1995 | July 10–14 | 60 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 940 hPa (28 inHg) | [6][49] |
Juliette | 1995 | September 20–21 | 24 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 930 hPa (27 inHg) | [6][50] |
Douglas** | 1996 | August 1–2 | 36 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 946 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [6][51] |
Felicia | 1997 | July 19 | 18 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][52] |
Jimena | 1997 | August 27–28 | 36 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][53] |
Nora | 1997 | September 21 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 950 hPa (28 inHg) | [6][54] |
Pauline‡ | 1997 | October 7–8 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][55] |
Blas | 1998 | June 25 | 24 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 943 hPa (27.8 inHg) | [6][56] |
Estelle | 1998 | August 2 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][57] |
Howard‡ | 1998 | August 23–26 | 60 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 932 hPa (27.5 inHg) | [6][58] |
Dora | 1999 | August 10–13 | 72 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 943 hPa (27.8 inHg) | [6][59] |
Notes:
|
2000s
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Juliette_2001-09-26_1800Z.jpg/220px-Juliette_2001-09-26_1800Z.jpg)
During the 2000s, there were 14 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A dagger (†) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time. The most intense storms of the decade in terms of sustained winds were 2000's Carlotta and 2009's Jimena with 155 mph (250 km/h). While the strongest hurricane in terms of barometric pressure was 2001's Juliette with 923 hPa (27.26 inHg).
Storm name | Season | Dates as a Category 4 | Time as a Category 4 | Peak one-minute sustained winds | Pressure | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carlotta | 2000 | June 21–22 | 24 hours | 155 mph (250 km/h) | 932 hPa (27.5 inHg) | [6][60] |
Adolph | 2001 | May 28–29 | 30 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 940 hPa (28 inHg) | [6][61] |
Juliette‡ | 2001 | September 24–26 | 42 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 923 hPa (27.3 inHg) | [6][62] |
Fausto | 2002 | August 24–25 | 24 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 936 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][63] |
Ele | 2002 | August 29 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 945 hPa (27.9 inHg) | |
Howard | 2004 | September 2–3 | 18 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 943 hPa (27.8 inHg) | [6][64] |
Javier | 2004 | September 13–15 | 54 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 930 hPa (27 inHg) | [6][65] |
Kenneth | 2005 | September 18–19 | 18 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 947 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][66] |
Daniel | 2006 | July 20–23 | 72 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 933 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][67] |
John | 2006 | August 30 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 948 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][68] |
Flossie | 2007 | August 11–13 | 60 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 949 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [6][69] |
Norbert | 2008 | October 8 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 945 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [6][70] |
Felicia | 2009 | August 5–7 | 36 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 935 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [6][71] |
Jimena | 2009 | August 30 – September 1 | 60 hours | 155 mph (250 km/h) | 931 hPa (27.5 inHg) | [6][72] |
Notes:
|
2010s
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Odile_Sept_14_2014_1755Z_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Odile_Sept_14_2014_1755Z_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PdlMarinaCSLOdile2014.jpg/220px-PdlMarinaCSLOdile2014.jpg)
During the 2010s, there were 37 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A dagger (†) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time. The most intense storms of the decade in terms of sustained winds were 2011's Dora, 2014's Amanda, 2015's Jimena, 2018's Hector, and 2019's Barbara at 155 mph (250 km/h), while the strongest hurricane in terms of barometric pressure was Odile with 918 hPa (27.11 inHg).
Storm name | Season | Dates as a Category 4 | Time as a Category 4 | Peak one-minute sustained winds | Pressure | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adrian | 2011 | June 10 | 18 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 944 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [6][73] |
Dora | 2011 | July 21–22 | 30 hours | 155 mph (250 km/h) | 929 hPa (27.4 inHg) | [6][74] |
Eugene | 2011 | August 3–4 | 18 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 942 hPa (27.8 inHg) | [6][75] |
Hilary‡ | 2011 | September 23–27 | 60 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 942 hPa (27.8 inHg) | [6][76] |
Kenneth | 2011 | November 22–23 | 18 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 940 hPa (28 inHg) | [6][77] |
Emilia | 2012 | July 10 | 12 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 945 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [78] |
Amanda | 2014 | May 25–26 | 36 hours | 155 mph (250 km/h) | 932 hPa (27.5 inHg) | |
Cristina | 2014 | June 12 | 18 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 935 hPa (27.6 inHg) | |
Iselle | 2014 | August 4–5 | 18 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 947 hPa (28.0 inHg) | |
Odile | 2014 | September 14 | 12 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 918 hPa (27.1 inHg) | |
Simon | 2014 | October 4 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 946 hPa (27.9 inHg) | |
Andres | 2015 | June 1 | 24 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 937 hPa (27.7 inHg) | [79][80][81] |
Blanca‡ | 2015 | June 3–6 | 24 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 936 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [82] |
Dolores | 2015 | July 15 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 946 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [83] |
Hilda† | 2015 | August 8 | 12 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 946 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [84] |
Ignacio† | 2015 | August 29–30 | 24 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 942 hPa (27.8 inHg) | [85] |
Jimena | 2015 | August 29 – September 1 | 84 hours | 155 mph (250 km/h) | 932 hPa (27.5 inHg) | |
Kilo‡ | 2015 | August 30–31 | 36 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 940 hPa (28 inHg) | |
Olaf* | 2015 | October 19–21 | 42 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 938 hPa (27.7 inHg) | |
Sandra | 2015 | November 26 | 18 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 934 hPa (27.6 inHg) | [86] |
Blas | 2016 | July 6 | 6 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 947 hPa (28.0 inHg) | |
Georgette | 2016 | July 25 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 952 hPa (28.1 inHg) | |
Lester‡ | 2016 | August 29–31 | 36 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 944 hPa (27.9 inHg) | |
Madeline† | 2016 | August 30 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 950 hPa (28 inHg) | |
Seymour | 2016 | October 25–26 | 24 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 940 hPa (28 inHg) | |
Fernanda‡ | 2017 | July 14–16 | 30 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 947 hPa (28.0 inHg) | |
Kenneth | 2017 | August 21 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 952 hPa (28.1 inHg) | |
Aletta | 2018 | June 8 | 12 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 943 hPa (27.8 inHg) | |
Bud | 2018 | June 12 | 12 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 943 hPa (27.8 inHg) | |
Hector‡* | 2018 | August 5–10 | 96 hours | 155 mph (250 km/h) | 936 hPa (27.6 inHg) | |
Norman‡ | 2018 | August 30 – September 3 | 48 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 937 hPa (27.7 inHg) | |
Olivia | 2018 | September 7 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 951 hPa (28.1 inHg) | [87] |
Rosa | 2018 | September 28 | 18 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 936 hPa (27.6 inHg) | |
Sergio | 2018 | October 4 | 24 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 943 hPa (27.8 inHg) | |
Barbara | 2019 | July 2–4 | 42 hours | 155 mph (250 km/h) | 930 hPa (27 inHg) | |
Erick† | 2019 | July 30–31 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 952 hPa (28.1 inHg) | |
Kiko | 2019 | September 15 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 950 hPa (28 inHg) | |
Notes:
|
2020s
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dora_2023-08-06_0000Z.jpg/200px-Dora_2023-08-06_0000Z.jpg)
During the 2020s, there have been 14 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A double dagger (‡) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time. In terms of barometric pressure, the most intense Category 4 Pacific hurricanes of the decade so far have been Hurricane Dora and Hurricane Norma of 2023, each with a minimum pressure of 939 hPa (27.73 inHg); by the metric of maximum sustained winds, the strongest Category 4 Pacific hurricane of the decade to date is Hurricane Dora of 2023, peaking with sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h).
Storm name | Season | Dates as a Category 4 | Time as a Category 4 | Peak one-minute sustained winds | Pressure | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Douglas* | 2020 | July 24 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 954 hPa (28.2 inHg) | [88] |
Genevieve | 2020 | August 18 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 950 hPa (28 inHg) | [89] |
Marie | 2020 | October 2–3 | 30 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 945 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [90] |
Felicia | 2021 | July 16–18 | 48 hours | 145 mph (230 km/h) | 945 hPa (27.9 inHg) | [91] |
Linda | 2021 | August 14–15 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 953 hPa (28.1 inHg) | [92] |
Darby | 2022 | July 11–12 | 24 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 953 hPa (28.1 inHg) | [93] |
Orlene | 2022 | October 2 | 6 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 954 hPa (28.2 inHg) | [94] |
Roslyn | 2022 | October 22–23 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 954 hPa (28.2 inHg) | [95] |
Dora‡* | 2023 | August 3–10 | 132 hours | 150 mph (240 km/h) | 939 hPa (27.7 inHg) | [96] |
Fernanda | 2023 | August 14–15 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 949 hPa (28.0 inHg) | [97] |
Hilary‡ | 2023 | August 18–19 | 24 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 940 hPa (28 inHg) | [98] |
Lidia | 2023 | October 10–11 | 6 hours | 140 mph (220 km/h) | 942 hPa (27.8 inHg) | |
Norma | 2023 | October 19 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 939 hPa (27.7 inHg) | |
Gilma | 2024 | August 25 | 12 hours | 130 mph (215 km/h) | 949 hPa (28.0 inHg) | |
Notes:
|
Landfalls
Month | Number of storms |
---|---|
June | 2 |
August | 3 |
September[nb 2] | 10 |
October | 18 |
Of the 143 Category 4 hurricanes that have formed in the eastern and central Pacific basins, 32 have made landfall. Of them, four made landfall at Category 4 intensity, three at Category 3, twelve at Categories 2 and 1, ten as tropical storms, and six as tropical depressions. Several of these storms weakened slightly after attaining Category 4 status as they approached land;[6][13] this is usually a result of dry air, shallower water due to shelving, cooler waters, or interaction with land.[99]
Name | Year | Category 4 | Category 3 | Category 2 | Category 1 | Tropical storm | Tropical depression | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unnamed | 1957 | Sinaloa state | — | — | — | — | — | [6][100] |
Dot | 1959 | — | — | — | Kauaʻi | — | — | [6] |
"Mexico" | 1959 | Colima state | — | — | — | — | — | [6][12] |
Liza | 1976 | — | Sonora state | — | — | — | — | [6][100] |
Madeline | 1976 | Guerrero state | — | — | — | — | — | [6][100] |
Ignacio | 1979 | — | — | — | — | — | Michoacán state | [6] |
Raymond | 1983 | — | — | — | — | — | Maui, Oʻahu, Kauaʻi | [6][17] |
Tico | 1983 | — | Sinaloa state | — | — | — | — | [6][100] |
Norbert | 1984 | — | — | — | — | Baja California Sur state | — | [6] |
Roslyn | 1986 | — | — | — | Sinaloa state | — | — | [6][100] |
Raymond | 1989 | — | — | — | — | Baja California Sur state Sonora state | — | [6][101] |
Orlene | 1992 | — | — | — | — | — | Big Island | [6][35] |
Iniki | 1992 | Kauaʻi | — | — | — | — | — | [6][36] |
Virgil | 1992 | — | — | Michoacán state | — | — | — | [6][38][100] |
Lidia | 1993 | — | — | Sinaloa state | — | — | — | [6][45][100] |
Nora | 1997 | — | — | — | Baja California Sur state Baja California state | — | — | [6][54] |
Pauline | 1997 | — | — | Oaxaca state | — | — | — | [6][55][100] |
Juliette | 2001 | — | — | — | — | Baja California Sur state | Sonora state | [6][62] |
Javier | 2004 | — | — | — | — | — | Baja California Sur state | [6][65] |
John | 2006 | — | — | Baja California Sur state | — | — | — | [6][68] |
Norbert | 2008 | — | — | Baja California Sur state | Sonora state | — | — | [6][70] |
Jimena | 2009 | — | — | Baja California Sur state | — | — | — | [6][72] |
Iselle | 2014 | — | — | — | — | Big Island | — | |
Odile | 2014 | — | Baja California Sur state | — | — | Sonora state | — | |
Blanca | 2015 | — | — | — | — | Baja California Sur state | — | |
Bud | 2018 | — | — | — | — | Baja California Sur state | — | |
Olivia | 2018 | — | — | — | — | Maui, Lānaʻi | — | [102] |
Rosa | 2018 | — | — | — | — | — | Baja California state | |
Sergio | 2018 | — | — | — | — | Baja California Sur state | Sonora state | |
Orlene | 2022 | — | — | Islas Marías | Sinaloa state | — | — | |
Roslyn | 2022 | — | Nayarit state | — | — | — | — | |
Hilary | 2023 | — | — | — | — | Baja California state | — | |
Lidia | 2023 | Jalisco state | — | — | — | — | — | |
Norma | 2023 | — | — | — | Baja California Sur state | — | Sinaloa state | |
Note: If a storm makes landfall in the same Mexican state more than once, it is only listed for the most intense landfall. |
See also
Footnotes
- Notes
- ^ The Saffir–Simpson scale, devised in 1971, is used to categorize the intensity of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.[1]
- ^ Though Hurricane Juliette of 2001 made a second landfall in October, it did so after it re-generated. The landfall is included in the "September" total but not the "October" total.
- General
- Blake, Eric S.; Gibney, Ethan J.; Brown, Daniel P.; Mainelli, Michelle M.; Franklin, James L.; Kimberlain, Todd B.; Hammer, Gregory R. (June 2009). Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949–2006 (PDF). Historical Climatology Series. Vol. 6–5. Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- Longshore, David. (1998). Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones (1st ed.). Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-3398-6.
- Specific
- ^ a b Schott, Timothy; Landsea, Christopher W.; Hafele, Gene; Lorens, Jeffrey; Taylor, Arthur; Thurm, Harvey; Ward, Bill; Willis, Mark; et al. (2010-08-25). "The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" (PDF). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-13. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
- ^ Landsea, Christopher W. (2006-04-21). "TCFAQ D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. United States: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
- ^ "View Official Products". United States National Weather Service. United States: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-10-15. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ a b Longshore 1998, pp. 249–250
- ^ Landsea, Christopher W. "TCFAQ B5) What happens to the name of a tropical cyclone if it moves from the Atlantic regions to the Northeast Pacific, or vice versa?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. United States: Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt "HURDAT tracks for East Pacific 1949–2011". Hurricane Research Division. United States: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-09-25. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ a b Blake et al. 2009, p. 6
- ^ Graham, Steve; Riebeek, Holli (2006-11-01). "Hurricanes: The Greatest Storms on Earth: Feature Articles". Earth Observatory. United States: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 2017-05-06. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ Longshore 1998, p. 110
- ^ Dorst, Neal (2010-01-21). "TCFAQ G1) When is hurricane season?". Hurricane Research Division. United States: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ "The 1959 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". United States: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2007-05-04. Archived from the original on 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ a b Re-analysis of the 1959 Manzanillo Mexico Hurricane (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. 2016-02-04. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
- ^ a b Sumner, Howard C.; Woolard, Edgar W. (November 1943). "North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances of 1943" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 71 (11). American Meteorological Society: 179–183. Bibcode:1943MWRv...71..179S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1943)71<179:NAHATD>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Landsea, Christopher. "TCFAQ F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. United States: Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ^ "HURDAT 1851 – 2010". Hurricane Research Division. United States: HURDAT. August 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-12-22. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ^ "The 1978 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". United States: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2007-05-04. Archived from the original on 2014-10-10. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ a b "The 1983 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". United States: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2007-05-04. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ "The 1985 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". United States: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2007-05-04. Archived from the original on 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
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- ^ BMM (1988-10-29). Preliminary report, Hurricane Fabio, 28 July – 9 August 1988 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ "The 1988 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". United States: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2007-05-04. Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Clark, Gil. (1989-11-09). Preliminary best track, Hurricane Octave 8 – 16 September 1989 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Mayfield, Max B. (1989-11-18). Preliminary best track, Hurricane Raymond, 25 September – 05 October 1989 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Gerrish, Hal. (1991). Preliminary best track, Hurricane Hernan, 19 – 31 July 1990 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Gerrish, Hal; Chun, Andy (1991). Preliminary best track, Hurricane Marie, 7 – 21 September 1990 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ "The 1990 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". United States: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2007-05-04. Archived from the original on 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Lawrence, Miles B. (1991). Preliminary best track, Hurricane Odile, 23 September – 2 October 1990 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Avila, Lixion A. (1991). Preliminary report, Hurricane Trudy, 16 October – 1 November, 1990 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Pasch, Richard J. (1992). Preliminary report, Hurricane Jimena, 20 September – 2 October 1991 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Mayfield, Max B. (1991-11-16). Preliminary report, Hurricane Kevin, 25 September – 12 October 1991 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Pasch, Richard J. (1992-12-02). Preliminary report, Hurricane Celia, 22 June – 4 July 1992 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
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- ^ Rappaport, Edward N. (1992-11-06). Preliminary report, Hurricane Tina, 17 September – 11 October 1992 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
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- ^ Avila, Lixion A. (1994). Preliminary report, Hurricane Dora, 14 – 21 July, 1993 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Mayfield, Max B. (1993-10-19). Preliminary report, Hurricane Fernanda, 9 – 19 August, 1993 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ "The 1993 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". United States: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2007-05-04. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Pasch, Richard J. (1993-11-28). Preliminary report, Hurricane Greg, 15 – 28 August 1993 (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
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- ^ Mayfield, Max B. (1995-11-19). Preliminary Report — Hurricane Adolph (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
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- ^ Pasch, Richard J. (1996-02-01). Preliminary Report — Hurricane Juliette (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
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- ^ Avila, Lixion A. (1997-09-16). Preliminary Report — Hurricane Jimena (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ a b Rappaport, Edward N. (1997-10-30). Preliminary Report — Hurricane Nora (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2005-09-25. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ a b Lawrence, Miles B. (1997-11-07). Preliminary Report — Hurricane Pauline (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2005-09-25. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Mayfield, Max B. (1988-07-14). Preliminary Report — Hurricane Blas (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Guiney, John L. (1999-01-21). Preliminary Report — Hurricane Estelle. United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Mayfield, Max B. (1998-11-16). Preliminary Report — Hurricane Howard (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
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- ^ Franklin, James L. (2000-07-16). Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Carlotta (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2006-07-10. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Stewart, Stacy R. (2001-06-18). Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Adolph (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ a b Lawrence, Miles B.; Mainelli, Michelle M. (2001-11-30). Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Juliette (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Franklin, James L. (2002-12-06). Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Fausto (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Beven, John L. (2004-12-13). Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Howard (PDF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ a b Avila, Lixion A. (2004-11-15). Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Javier (PDF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-30. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Pasch, Richard J. (2006-04-20). Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Kenneth (PDF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Beven, John L. (2007-01-04). Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Daniel (PDF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ a b Pasch, Richard J. (2006-11-16). Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane John (PDF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ Pasch, Richard J.; Roberts, David P. (2008-01-10). Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Flossie (PDF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
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- ^ Richard J. Pasch (May 31, 2015). Hurricane Andres Public Advisory Number 16. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ Dave Roberts (June 1, 2015). Hurricane Andres Discussion Number 18. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ Dave Roberts (June 1, 2015). Hurricane Andres Public Advisory Number 19. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ Richard J. Pasch and David P. Roberts (November 30, 2015). Hurricane Blanca (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
- ^ Richard J. Pasch and David P. Roberts (October 27, 2015). Hurricane Dolores (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
- ^ Richard J. Pasch and David P. Roberts (October 29, 2015). Hurricane Hilda (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
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- ^ John P. Cangialosi (December 3, 2018). Hurricane Olivia (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
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- ^ Pasch, Richard J.; Roberts, David P. (April 13, 2021). Hurricane Genevieve (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Papin, Philippe P. (February 18, 2021). Hurricane Marie (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Cangialosi, John P. (September 9, 2021). Hurricane Felicia (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Reinhart, Brad J.; Wroe, Derek; Houston, Sam (May 6, 2022). Hurricane Linda (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Bucci, Lisa (February 27, 2023). Hurricane Darby (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Papin, Philippe P. (March 9, 2023). Hurricane Orlene (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Berg, Robbie (February 15, 2023). Hurricane Roslyn (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Bucci, Lisa (March 5, 2024). Hurricane Dora (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
- ^ Berg, Robbie (November 15, 2023). Hurricane Fernanda (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Reinhart, Brad J. (February 12, 2024). Hurricane Hilary (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Knabb, Richard D.; Rhome, Jamie R.; Brown, Daniel P. (2011-09-14). "Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Katrina" (PDF). United States: National Hurricane Center. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Blake et al. 2009, pp. 26–27
- ^ Mayfield, Max (1989-11-18). Preliminary best track, Hurricane Raymond, 25 September – 05 October 1989 (2) (GIF) (Report). United States: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ Wore, Derek (September 12, 2018). Tropical Storm Olivia Discussion Number 49. Central Pacific Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
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