List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples
The Lushootseed-speaking peoples, sometimes known as the Lushootseed people,[1][2] are a group of linguistically-related peoples Indigenous to the Pacific Northwest.
Lushootseed-speaking groups were traditionally politically autonomous at the local, or village, level, so there was no historical term to refer to all Lushootseed-speaking peoples.[3] Words like (dxʷ)ləšucid ʔacʔaciɬtalbixʷ or ʔacʔaciɬtalbixʷ kʷi gʷədxʷləšucideb (lit. "Lushootseed peoples" or "Peoples who speak Lushootseed") are sometimes used in modern times.[4]
All historically-attested extended village groups or bands are listed, grouped by modern-day tribal units, sub-units, and further sub-units:
Northern Lushootseed
Northern Lushootseed (dxʷləšucid)[5] is spoken by peoples living generally in Island, Skagit, Snohomish, and parts of Whatcom counties. Northern Lushootseed-speaking communities include:
- Upper Skagit - sqaǰətabš[5]
- Nuwaha - dxʷʔaha[5]: 4
- Lake Whatcom village - x̌ačuʔabš[6]
- Lake Samish village - stiksabš[3]: 20
- Nookachamps - duqʷəčabš[5]: 85
- Mount Vernon village - dᶻalqahabš[3]: 16
- Big Lake village - cəlaɬabš[5]: 43
- Mesekwegwils - bəsikʷigʷilc[5]: 39
- Chobaabish - čubəʔabš[5]: 66
- Baslo'alo - baslux̌ʔalux̌
- Smaliwhu - sbaliʔxʷ[5]: 33
- Silayucid - sʔilayucid[3]
- Beskayucid - bəsq̓ixʷucid[3]
- Miskaiwhu - bəsq̓ixʷixʷ[5]: 187
- Kwabatsabsh - k̓ʷabacabš[3]
- Nuwaha - dxʷʔaha[5]: 4
- Sauk - saʔqʷəbixʷ[7]
- Suiattle - suyaƛ̕bixʷ[7]
- Stillaguamish - stuləgʷabš[5]: 230
- Quadsack - qʷacaʔkʷbixʷ
- Swinomish - swədəbš[5]: 246
- Squinamish - sqʷədəbš[5]: 190
- Kikiallus - kikiyalus[5]: 119
- (Lower) Skagit - sqaǰətabš[5]
- Snohomish - sduhubš[5]
- Quil Ceda - qʷəl̕sidəʔəbš[5]: 190
- Whidbey Island Snohomish - dəgʷasx̌abš[5]: 79
- Sdodohobsh - sduduhubš
- N'Quentlmamish - dxʷkʷiƛ̕əbabš[5]: 126
Southern Lushootseed
Southern Lushootseed, otherwise known as Twulshootseed (txʷəlšucid)[8] is spoken by the various peoples, historical and contemporary, located in King, Pierce, Thurston, Mason, and Kitsap counties. Southern Lushootseed communities include:
- Skykomish - sq̓ixʷəbš[5]
- Staktalijamish - st̕aq̓taliǰabš[5]
- Upper Skykomish/Index people - bəsx̌əx̌əx̌əlč
- Duwamish - dxʷdəwʔabš[5]
- Suquamish - dxʷsəq̓ʷəbš[9]
- Saktamish - sx̌aq̓tabš
- Puyallup - spuyaləpabš[5]
- Hylebos Creek band - sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš[10]
- Clarks Creek band - txʷskʷaqʷabš
- Simons Creek band - sqʷədabš
- Homamish - sxʷəbabš[11]
- Shotlemamish - dəxʷsx̌əƛ̕əbabš
- Steilacoom - č̓tilqʷəbabš[5][10]
- Clover Creek band
- Nisqually - dxʷsqʷaliʔabš[5][12]
- Sequalitchew - sčəgʷaličabš
- Lower Nisqually
- Clear Creek band
- Nisqually Lake band
- Muck Creek band
- Meshal/Mashel - bəšalabš[10]
- Squaxin Island - sqʷax̌sədəbš[5][13]
- Sahewamish - shiʔwəbš[5][13]
- T'Peeksin - təpikʷšədabš[5][13]
- Squiatl - sk̓ʷəyaiɬəbš[13]
- Stechass - st̕č̓asəbš[5][13]
- Nusechatl - dəxʷč̓ič̓aʔaɬabš[13]
Whulshootseed
Whulshootseed (xʷəlšucid) refers to the large subdialect of Southern Lushootseed spoken by the Snoqualmie and Muckleshoot peoples.
- Snoqualmie - sdukʷalbixʷ[5]
- Tolt band - x̌alalʔtxʷabš[14]
- Upper Snoqualmie/North Bend band - baqʷababš[14]
- Fall City band[14]
- Muckleshoot - bəqəlšuɬ[5]
- Skopamish - sxʷq̓ʷupabš[5]
- Yilalkoamish - ʔilalqʷuʔabš[5]
- Soos/Susabsh - sʔusabš
- Smulkamish - sbalqʷuʔabš[5]
- Stuck River band - stəx̌ʷabš
- Upper Puyallup
- Tkwakwamish - dxʷxʷaq̓ʷabš
- South Prairie Creek band
- Skopamish - sxʷq̓ʷupabš[5]
See also
References
- ^ Hess, Thom, "Introduction", Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar, vol I.
- ^ Miller, Jay (1997). "Back to Basics: Chiefdoms in Puget Sound". Ethnohistory. 44 (2): 375–387. doi:10.2307/483373. ISSN 0014-1801. JSTOR 483373.
- ^ a b c d e f Collins, June M. (1974). Valley of the Spirits: The Upper Skagit Indians of Western Washington.
- ^ Waterman, T.T. (2001). sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geographical Names. Seattle: Lushootseed Press.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97323-4.
- ^ Richardson, Allan; Galloway, Brent (2011). Nooksack Place Names: Geography, Culture, and Language. Vancouver: UBC Press.
- ^ a b "Sauk-Suiattle - Index". sauk-suiattle.com. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ "Puyallup Tribal Language - Home". www.puyalluptriballanguage.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ "The Suquamish Tribe – Home of the Suquamish People". Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ a b c Smith, Marian W. (1941). "The Coast Salish of Puget Sound". American Anthropologist. 43 (2): 197–211. doi:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00050. JSTOR 662952 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Hutchinson, Chase (March 1, 2021). "Estuary has new name, honoring tribe; you'll need to watch a video to pronounce it". The News Tribune. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ ":: Nisqually Indian Tribe Home Page". www.nisqually-nsn.gov. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f "Who We Are – Squaxin Island Tribe". Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ a b c Tollefson, Kenneth D. (1987). "The Snoqualmie: A Puget Sound Chiefdom". Ethnology. 26 (2): 124. doi:10.2307/3773450. JSTOR 3773450 – via JSTOR.
Bibliography
- Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar. Vol. I. Dallas: Tulalip Tribes. ISBN 1879763117. LCCN 95-060060.
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Grammar | |
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Dialects |
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lushootseed_area.png/200px-Lushootseed_area.png)
- Salishan oral narratives
- dukʷibəɬ
- Transformer/Changer
- Spirit Powers
Northern peoples | |
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Southern peoples |