List of megaprojects
This is a list of megaprojects, which may be defined in the following categories:
- Projects that cost more than US$1 billion and attract a large amount of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, the natural and built environment, and budgets.
- Projects with "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public".[1]
Some examples include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, hospitals, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems. This list identifies a wide variety of examples of major historic and contemporary projects that meet one or both megaproject criteria identified above.
Legend
Terms used in the Status column | Status color |
---|---|
Proposed | |
In Planning, Approved, Under/In Development, Under Construction, Re-Construction In Progress, Nearly Complete | |
On Hold | |
Abandoned, Cancelled | |
Completed |
Aerospace projects
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/B787_flyby_Farnborough.jpg/220px-B787_flyby_Farnborough.jpg)
Project | Companies | Location | Proposal year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Airbus A380 | Airbus | 2003 | Completed | 2021 | $25 billion USD | A double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner. | ||
Antonov An-225 | Antonov | 1988 | Completed | This was the longest and heaviest aircraft in service until it was destroyed during the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Only one unit was ever completed. | ||||
Boeing B-29 Superfortress | Boeing | United States | 1943 | Completed | 1946 | $3 billion USD | The first nuclear bomber, which cost 50% more than the development of the bombs in the Manhattan Project. | |
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress | Boeing | United States | 1952 | Completed | 1963 | With six decades of service as a strategic nuclear bomber, it is one of the largest military aircraft ever built. Every other bomber produced in the US after the B-52 have been megaprojects; however, it has not been replaced nor will it be in the foreseeable future. | ||
Boeing 2707 and Lockheed L-2000 supersonic aircraft | Lockheed, Boeing, US Department of Defense | United States | 1963 | Cancelled | 1971 | Initiated in 1963 via a US government-funded competition to build the United States' first Supersonic Transport (SST), prototypes never built, ultimately canceled due to political, environmental and economic reasons in 1971. | ||
Boeing 747 | Boeing | 1970 | Completed | 2023 | A wide-body commercial airliner first produced in 1970, often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet, is among the world's most recognizable aircraft with uses for long-distance passenger transport, cargo, the US President's official shuttle plane, and as NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. | [2][3] | ||
Boeing 787 | Boeing | United States | 2007 | Completed | Ongoing | Made with local and globally sourced parts; the first major aircraft to be made largely out of composite materials. | [4] | |
Concorde | Aérospatiale, British Aircraft Corporation | United Kingdom, France | 1965 | Completed | 1979 | A product of an Anglo-French government treaty, the supersonic passenger airliner Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued commercial flights for twenty-seven years. | ||
Convair B-58 Hustler | Convair | United States | 1960 | Completed | 1970 | An all-weather, high altitude supersonic bomber with a fixed delta wing and 4 engines. The Hustler was operational from 1960 to 1970 in the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command for the deployment of up to 5 gravity nuclear weapons. | ||
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy | Lockheed | United States | 1961 | Completed | 1969 | Over $1 billion | The largest and heaviest aircraft of any kind for over a decade (1970 to 1982). This military cargo plane was the first development program with a billion dollar cost overrun. | [5][6] |
F-22 Raptor | Lockheed Martin | United States | 1996 | Completed | 2011 | A single seat, twin-engine fifth-generation fighter that uses stealth technology. | ||
F-35 Lightning II | Lockheed Martin | United States | 2006 | Completed | Ongoing | A single seat, single engine, all-weather stealth multirole combat aircraft that is intended to perform both air superiority and strike missions. | ||
Sukhoi Su-57/HAL FGFA | Sukhoi, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited | Russia/India | Completed | Two variants of fifth-generation stealth fighters jointly developed for the Russian and Indian Air Forces. | ||||
Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit | Northrop Grumman | United States | 1987 | Completed | 2000 | A US heavy bomber with "low observable" stealth. Total program cost including development, engineering, and testing averaged $2.1 billion per aircraft in 1997. | [7] | |
KH-11 | Lockheed | United States | 1976 | Completed | 1990 | Reconnaissance satellite. | ||
Rockwell B-1 Lancer | Rockwell International | United States | 1980s | Completed | A supersonic bomber with a variable-sweep wing built in the 1980s as a strategic bomber. It has since acquired conventional and multi-role capabilities. | |||
TF Kaan | Turkish Aerospace Industries | Turkey | 2011 | In progress | 2030s | $20 billion | A stealthy, twin-engine, all-weather air superiority fighter, classified as a fifth-generation fighter. | [8] |
Tupolev Tu-144 | Tupolev | Soviet Union | 1968 | Completed | The first supersonic transport aircraft. First flown on 31 Dec 1968; entered service on 26 Dec 1975. | |||
Tupolev Tu-160 | Tupolev | Soviet Union | Completed | The world's largest and heaviest combat aircraft, the world's largest supersonic aircraft, and the largest variable-sweep aircraft ever built. |
Disaster cleanup
While most megaprojects are planned and undertaken with careful forethought, some are undertaken out of necessity after a natural disaster occurs. There have also been a few human-made disasters. Major restoration was necessary after the destruction caused by World War I and II, some of which was paid for by German reparations for World War I and for World War II.
Project | Location | Disaster | Disaster year | Status | Completion year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Great Mississippi Flood relief | Mississippi Delta region | Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 | 1927 | completed | $246 million to $1 billion | $4.2–$17.3 billion in 2023 dollars | [9] | |
Mount St. Helens eruption cleanup | Washington state, USA | 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens | 1980 | $1.1 billion | [10] | |||
Chernobyl New Safe Confinement | Chernobyl, Ukraine | Chernobyl disaster | 1986 | Completed | 2019 | €2.15 billion | The New Safe Confinement accounts for €1.5 billion, with the remainder going to related remedial work and maintenance. | [11][12] |
Exxon Valdez oil spill | Prince William Sound | Exxon Valdez oil spill | 1989 | Over $2 billion | [13] | |||
Northridge earthquake disaster relief | Los Angeles, USA | 1994 Northridge earthquake | 1994 | $13-50 billion | ||||
AZF chemical factory explosion cleanup | Toulouse, France | Toulouse chemical factory explosion | 2001 | €2 billion | [13][14] | |||
Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake | Indian Ocean coastline areas | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | 2004 | $6.25 billion USD | [15] | |||
Hurricane Katrina disaster relief | Atlantic basin countries | Hurricane Katrina | 2005 | $190 billion | [16] | |||
Deepwater Horizon cleanup | Gulf of Mexico | Deepwater Horizon oil spill | 2010 | $65 billion | [13][17] | |||
Fukushima disaster cleanup | Fukushima, Japan | Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster | 2011 | Ongoing | $187 billion USD | Cost includes compensation, decontamination, interim storage, and decommissioning of reactors. | [18] | |
Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami disaster relief | Pacific Rim | 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami | 2011 | $360 billion USD | Cost includes Fukushima disaster cleanup and economic losses. | [19][20] |
- Construction of the new confinement structure for the nuclear reactor that melted down at Chernobyl in Ukraine.
- Bags of oily waste are piled up during the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989.
- Tsunami cleanup in Japan.
- A Moore, Oklahoma resident begins cleaning debris from the wreckage of his home in the aftermath of the 2013 tornado.
Energy projects
Project | Location | Capacity (MW) | Start year | Status | Completion year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia-Asia Power Link | Northern Territory, Australia | Proposed | $30 billion AUD (est.) | Electricity infrastructure project planned to include the world's largest solar plant, the world's largest battery, and the world's longest submarine power cable. | [citation needed] | |||
Barmer Refinery | Rajasthan, India | 9×106 tonne/annum (refining) | Completed | 2024 | Barmer is a mega refinery currently Completed and designed by EIL | |||
Bargarh Refinery | Odisha, India | 2,10,000 tonnes (refining) | Under-construction | 2025 | Bargarh is a mega 2G ethanol refinery currently under-construction and designed by Praj Industries and BPCL | |||
Khavda Solar Park | Gujarat, India | 30 GW | Under-construction | 2025 | The Khavda Renewable Energy Park is being built in the Rann of Kutch, over an area of 726 square kilometers, will be world's largest solar park | |||
Bhadla Solar Park | Rajasthan, India | 2,245 | Completed | 2020 | One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations. | [21][22][23] | ||
Benban Solar Park | Egypt | 1,500 | Completed | 2019 | [citation needed] | |||
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant | Morong, Bataan, Philippines | Completed | 1984 | Over $2.3 billion USD | The plant never opened due to political change and safety issues, and its planned reactivation has become the focal point of the Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines. | [24][25][26][27][28][29] | ||
Boundary Dam Power Station | Saskatchewan, Canada | 531 | 1959 | Completed | $1.5 billion CAD | The world's first large-scale, coal-fired carbon capture and storage plant | [30] | |
Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant | Haryana, India | 2 x 700 MW | In progress | 2032 | NPCIL had started the procurement activities for this project, as BHEL secured the order for supply of steam generators to this project | |||
Genesis Solar Energy Project | Blythe, California, USA | 250 | Completed | 2014 | One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. | [citation needed] | ||
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility | Mojave Desert, California, USA | 392 | Completed | One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. Operational since February 2014. | [citation needed] | |||
Kemper County Energy Facility | Mississippi, USA | 582 | 2010 | Suspended | $7.5 billion USD | The world's first construction attempt of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plant with Carbon Capture & Sequestration. However, after significant delays and cost overruns, the gasification process is currently suspended and the power plant runs just on regular natural gas. | [31] | |
Mojave Solar Project | Barstow, California, USA | 280 | Completed | 2014 | One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. | [citation needed] | ||
Noor Abu Dhabi | Abu Dhabi, UAE | 1,177 | Completed | 2019 | One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations. | [32] | ||
Olkiluoto 3 | Eurajoki, Finland | Completed | 2022 | Began regular operations in April 2023. | [33][34] | |||
Panamanian Natural Gas electric power plant | Colón Province, Panama | It is meant as a port for supplying Natural Gas to other Central American countries. It currently has an investment of $1.15 billion USD. | [35] | |||||
Pavagada Solar Park | Karnataka, India | 2,050 | Completed | 2019 | One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations. | [36][37] | ||
Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park | Bahawalpur, Pakistan | 1,000 | 2015 | In progress | Phase-1 of 100 MW Operational since 2015. Expected to be one of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. | [citation needed] | ||
Solana Generating Station | Gila Bend, Arizona, USA | 280 | Completed | 2013 | Includes a 6h thermal energy storage. One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. | [citation needed] | ||
Solar Energy Generating Systems | Mojave Desert, California, USA | 354 | 1984-1991 | Completed | Collection of 9 units. One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. | [citation needed] | ||
Tengger Desert Solar Park | Ningxia, China | 1,547 | Completed | 2016 | One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations. | [38][39] | ||
Three Gorges Dam | Hubei Province, China | 22,500 | 1994 | Completed | 2003 | ¥203 billion | The largest hydro-electric facility in the world. | [citation needed] |
Tres Amigas SuperStation | United States | n/a | Cancelled | n/a | $2 billion (early estimate) | A proposed interconnection between the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, and the Texas Interconnection, effectively connecting nearly all electrical grids in North America. | [citation needed] | |
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station | Jenkinsville, South Carolina, USA | 973 | 2013 | Cancelled | Over $2.5 billion USD | The project planned to construct some of the first new nuclear units in the United States in over 30 years at an existing nuclear power plant. The project was cancelled and all work stopped in July 2017. | [40] | |
Vogtle Electric Generating Plant | Waynesboro, Georgia, USA | 2013 | Completed | 2024 (proj.) | Construction of two new nuclear units at an existing nuclear power plant. | [citation needed] |
Science projects
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Construction_of_LHC_at_CERN.jpg/200px-Construction_of_LHC_at_CERN.jpg)
Research and development efforts
Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copernicus | European Union | 1998 | Ongoing | €6.8 billion (2020) | Satellite constellation program for global monitoring | [citation needed] | |
COVID-19 vaccine development | Worldwide | 2020 | Completed | 2023 | $93 billion USD (2021) | Global efforts to develop a vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus | [41] |
Human Genome Project | United States/Worldwide | 1990 | Completed | 2003 | $5 billion USD (2021 adj.) | U.S.-led international effort to sequence the human genome | [42] |
Manhattan Project | United States | 1942 | Completed | 1946 | $22.8 billion USD (2021 adj.) | U.S. government effort to produce the first nuclear bombs. | [43] |
Three-stage nuclear cycle | India | 1984 | 2nd stage completed | INR 142 million INR (2021 adj.) | [44] |
Physics and Astronomy infrastructure
Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atacama Large Millimeter Array | Atacama Desert, Chile | Completed | [citation needed] | ||||
Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility | Fermilab, Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA | 2032 (proj.) | Proposed | $3 billion USD (phase 1 est.) | [45] | ||
Electron-ion collider | Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA | 2020 | In progress | $1.6 - $2.6 billion USD | [citation needed] | ||
Envisat | Outer space | 2002 | Completed | An Earth observation satellite of the European Space Agency; inactive since 2012. | [citation needed] | ||
European Spallation Source | Lund, Sweden | 2013 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | Strongest-ever spallation source for advanced and new material research development. | [citation needed] | |
European X-ray free electron laser | Schenefeld, Germany | 2017 | Used for material research. | [citation needed] | |||
Extreme Light Infrastructure | Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania | European centers for the most intense lasers | [citation needed] | ||||
Extremely Large Telescope | Chile | 2014 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | World's largest optical to mid infrared telescope. | [citation needed] | |
Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research | Darmstadt, Germany | 2012 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | [46] | ||
Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope | Guizhou Province, China | 2011 | Completed | 2020 | ¥1.2 billion | The world's largest static/semi-static radio telescope measuring 500 meters across. | [citation needed] |
Giant Magellan Telescope | Vallenar, Chile | 2015 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $2 billion USD | A large ground-based optical and near infrared telescope. | [citation needed] |
India-based Neutrino Observatory | Tamil Nadu, India | 2015 | In progress | ₹1,500 (2015 est.) | [citation needed] | ||
ITER | France | 2013 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | Up to €65 billion (est.) | International effort to build the world's largest nuclear fusion reactor. | |
Large Hadron Collider | Switzerland, France | 13 TeV CERN particle accelerator | [47] | ||||
Advanced LIGO | Washington state and Louisiana, USA | 1994 | Completed | 2002 | More than $1 billion USD | A large-scale physics experiment and observatory to measure gravitational waves | [48] |
MYRRHA | Belgium | In progress | 2036 (proj.) | Prototype of an accelerator-driven system to transmute nuclear waste | [citation needed] | ||
National Ignition Facility | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA | 1997 | Completed | 2009 | Almost $1 billion (2002 est. | United States nuclear fusion project | [citation needed] |
Ocean Networks Canada | University of Victoria, Canada | Largest underwater observatories, providing 24/7 access to hundreds of instruments in the Pacific Ocean and the Salish Sea. | [citation needed] | ||||
Proton Improvement Project ("PIP II") | 2020 | In progress | 2028 (proj.) | $1.28 billion USD | 2022 est. | [49] | |
Square Kilometre Array | South Africa, Australia | 2018 | In progress | 2028 (proj.) | [citation needed] | ||
Superconducting Super Collider | Waxahachie, Texas, USA | Cancelled | $8.4 billion USD (1993 est.) | 40 TeV particle accelerator | [citation needed] | ||
Tevatron | Batavia, Illinois, USA | 1969 | Completed | 1983 | $120 million USD | Inactive TeV particle accelerator. | [citation needed] |
Thirty Meter Telescope | Mauna Kea Observatories, USA | 2014 | Halted | Large optical and near infrared telescope. Halted due to protests. | [citation needed] | ||
Very Large Array | New Mexico, USA | 1973 | Completed | 1980 | Radio astronomy observatory. | [citation needed] | |
Wendelstein 7-X | Greifswald, Germany | 2005 | Completed | 2015 | An experimental stellarator (nuclear fusion reactor) | [citation needed] |
Spacecraft
Project | Organization(s) | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics | ESA | 2000s | In progress | 2035 (proj.) | Planned X-ray telescope. | [citation needed] | |
Cassini–Huygens | NASA, ESA, ASI | Completed | 2017 | $3.26 billion USD | Spacecraft mission that studied Saturn and its many natural satellites. | [50] | |
Chandrayaan program | ISRO | 2003 | Active | $170 million USD | Lunar exploration program. | [citation needed] | |
Chang'e 1 to Chang'e 6 | China | Active | Lunar exploration spacecraft equipped with landers, orbiters and rover. It will for the first time in history explore the dark side of the Moon. | [citation needed] | |||
Compass navigation system | China | Est. 2015 | Completed | Est. 2017 | Independent system of satellite navigation | [citation needed] | |
Europa Clipper | NASA | 2022 | In development | Interplanetary mission to study Jupiter's moon Europa. | [citation needed] | ||
Gaia spacecraft | ESA | 2013 | Active | 2025 (proj.) | $1 billion USD | Mission to create a 3D map of local Milky Way. | [51] |
Galileo Navigation Satellite System | European Union, ESA | 2016 | Active | €5 billion EUR | [52] | ||
Galileo spacecraft | NASA | 1989 | Completed | 2003 | $1.5 billion USD (2003) | Mission to Jupiter. | [53][54] |
Global Positioning System | United States Department of Defense | 1973 | Active | Over $21.7 billion USD | Global satellite navigation system. | [55] | |
GLONASS | Roscosmos | 1982 | Active | The Russian global navigation satellite system. | [citation needed] | ||
Herschel Space Observatory | ESA, NASA | 2009 | Completed | 2013 | €1.1 billion | Space observatory sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre bands. | [56] |
Hubble Space Telescope | NASA | 1978 | Active | $10 billion USD | Optical telescope orbiting in low Earth orbit | [57] | |
International Space Station | NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, CSA | 1998 | Active | $150 billion USD (2010) | [citation needed] | ||
James Webb Space Telescope | NASA, ESA, CSA | 2021 | Active | $8.8 billion USD (2013) | [58]) | ||
Juno spacecraft | NASA | 2011 | Active | New Frontiers mission to Jupiter | [citation needed] | ||
Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer | ESA | 2023 | Active | Mission to Jupiter | [citation needed] | ||
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna | ESA | 2032 (proj.) | Proposed | An L3 class mission designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves. | [citation needed] | ||
Lunokhod ("Moonwalker") | Soviet space program | 1969 | Completed | 1977 | Inactive series of Soviet robotic lunar rovers designed to land on the Moon. Lunokhod 1 was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world. | [citation needed] | |
Mars program | Soviet space program | 1960 | Completed | 1973 | Inactive series of uncrewed spacecraft. The spacecraft were intended to explore Mars, and included flyby probes, landers and orbiters. | [citation needed] | |
Mars Science Laboratory (with Curiosity) | NASA | 2011 | Active | $2.5 billion USD | [59] | ||
Mars 2020 (with Perseverance and Ingenuity | NASA | 2020 | Active | A Mars rover mission under the Mars Exploration Program. | [citation needed] | ||
Mir | Soviet space program, Roscosmos | 1986 | Completed | 2001 | Russian space station in low Earth orbit. | [citation needed] | |
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope | NASA | 2027 (proj.) | In development | A wide field infrared space telescope. | [citation needed] | ||
NAVIC | ISRO | 2013 | Active | The Indian equivalent of GPS. | [citation needed] | ||
Orion spacecraft | NASA | 2014 | Active | Part of the Artemis program. | [citation needed] | ||
Planck spacecraft | ESA | 2009 | Completed | 2013 | A mission to measure the cosmic microwave background. | [citation needed] | |
Venera | Soviet space program | 1961 | Completed | 1984 | Venus series space probes developed to gather data from Venus. Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on Venus and first to transmit data from there back to Earth. | [citation needed] | |
Sutherland spaceport | British space programme | 2023 | In development | This will be the first spaceport in the UK. | [citation needed] |
Other spaceflight projects
Project | Organization(s) | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer | NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, CSA | 2011 | Active | $2 billion | A particle physics experiment module mounted on the International Space Station | [60] | |
Apollo program | NASA | 1960 | Completed | 1975 | $203.4 billion USD (2015) | As a centerpiece of the US Space Program, culminated in crewed exploratory missions to the Moon. | [61] |
Ariane | ESA | 1973 | Active | A family of European launch vehicles; the most recent variant is Ariane 6. | [citation needed] | ||
Artemis program | NASA with partners JAXA, ESA, CSA, DLR, ASI, ISA | 2017 | Active | [citation needed] | |||
Avatar RLV | DRDO, ISRO | Proposed | Indian version of the Space Shuttle. | [citation needed] | |||
Baikonur Cosmodrome | Soviet space program, Roscosmos, Russian Aerospace Forces | 1955 | Active | The world's first and largest operational space launch facility. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program. | [citation needed] | ||
Buran program | Soviet space program, Roscosmos | 1974 | Cancelled | 1993 | Soviet version of the Space Shuttle. | [citation needed] | |
Constellation program | NASA | 2005 | Cancelled | 2010 | Cancelled planned Moon landing spacecraft and Space Shuttle replacement. Part of it lives on as future Crew Escape Vehicle for the ISS. | [citation needed] | |
SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure | SpaceX | 2016 | Active | A privately funded spaceflight system capable of enabling human settlements on Mars. | [citation needed] | ||
Kennedy Space Center | NASA | 1968 | Active | The main spaceport for US-crewed space flight. | [citation needed] | ||
Shenzhou program | China Manned Space Agency | 1992 | Active | Chinese human spaceflight program. | [citation needed] | ||
Soyuz program | Soviet space program, Roscosmos | 1966 | Active | Human spaceflight program. | [citation needed] | ||
Soviet Moonshot | Soviet space program | 1962 | Cancelled | 1969 | Cancelled Moon landing program. | [citation needed] | |
Space Launch System | NASA | 2011 | Active | An American Space Shuttle-derived heavy expendable launch vehicle. | [citation needed] | ||
Space Shuttle program | NASA | 1972 | Completed | 2011 | $203.6 billion USD (2015) | Low Earth orbiters designed as crewed cargo vessels that could be reused after each spaceflight and landed like a glider. | [62] |
Vostochny Cosmodrome ("Eastern Spaceport") | Roscosmos | 2011 | Active | Russian spaceport on the 51st parallel north. | [citation needed] | ||
Vostok program | Soviet space program | 1959 | Completed | 1963 | Soviet program to put the first man in space. | [citation needed] |
Sports and culture projects
Every Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup in the latter part of the twentieth century and entering into the 21st century has cost more than $1 billion in arenas, hotels etc., usually several billions. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost international sporting event with over 200 nations participating. Sports-related costs for the Summer Games since 1960 is on average $5.2 billion (USD) and for the Winter Games $393.1 million dollars. The highest recorded total cost was the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, costing approximately US$55 billion. The International Olympic Committee requires a minimum of 40,000 hotel rooms available for visiting spectators and an Olympic Village that is able to house 15,000 athletes, referees, and officials.
Project | Organization(s) | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allegiant Stadium | National Football League | Paradise, Nevada, USA | Completed | 2020 | $1.9 billion (2020) | This domed stadium is home to the Las Vegas Raiders as well as a local college team, the UNLV Rebels | [63] | |
AT&T Stadium | National Football League | Arlington, Texas, USA | Completed | 2009 | $1.3 billion (2009) | A retractable-roof stadium that houses the Dallas Cowboys. It also hosts other major events, most notably the Big 12 Championship Game and Cotton Bowl Classic in college football. | [64] | |
Barclays Center | National Basketball Association | Brooklyn, New York, USA | Completed | 2012 | $1 billion (2012) | Home of the Brooklyn Nets. Also served as full-time or part-time home of the NHL's New York Islanders from 2015 to 2020. | [65] | |
Climate Pledge Arena | National Hockey League | Seattle, Washington, USA | Completed | 2021 | $1.05 billion (2021) | Renovation and expansion of Seattle's main indoor arena for the Seattle Kraken, which started NHL play in the rebuilt venue in 2021. The originally planned cost of $700 million was increased due to changes to the arena plans and COVID-19 issues. A very small part of the total cost was to pay for another major arena tenant, the Seattle Storm of the WNBA, to move its home games to other area venues during the project. The arena will also be suitable for a potential NBA franchise in the city. | [66] | |
Globe Life Field | Major League Baseball | Arlington, Texas, USA | Completed | 2020 | $1.1 billion (2020) | This retractable-roof stadium houses the Texas Rangers. | [67] | |
Guangzhou Football Park | China League One | Guangzhou, Guangdong, China | 2020 | In progress | ¥12 billion (2022) | 100,000-seat football stadium intended to be the future home of Guangzhou F.C. of the Chinese Super League. Construction began in April 2020 and cancelled in 2022 due Evergrande's financial difficulties. Construction recontinued in 2023. | [citation needed] | |
Levi's Stadium | National Football League | Santa Clara, California, USA | Completed | 2014 | $1.3 billion (2014) | An open-air stadium that houses the San Francisco 49ers. | [68] | |
Mercedes-Benz Stadium | National Football League | Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Completed | 2017 | $1.6 billion (2017) | A retractable-roof stadium to house the Atlanta Falcons, as well as Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer. | [citation needed] | |
MetLife Stadium | National Football League | East Rutherford, New Jersey, USA | Completed | 2010 | $1.6 billion (2010) | An open-air stadium that houses two NFL teams, the New York Giants and New York Jets. | [citation needed] | |
Narendra Modi Stadium | Indian Premier League | Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India | 2015 | Completed | 2020 | $110 million USD (2020) | It is the largest cricket stadium in the world with a seating capacity of 132,000 spectators. | [69] |
New Highmark Stadium | National Football League | Orchard Park, New York, USA | 2023 | In progress | $1.7 billion (2023) | An open-air stadium to house the Buffalo Bills. | [70] | |
New Nissan Stadium | National Football League | Nashville, Tennessee, USA | 2024 | In progress | $2.1 billion (2024) | A domed stadium to house the Tennessee Titans. | [71] | |
Sardar Vallbhbhai Patel Sports Enclave | Summer Olympic Games | Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India | 2021 | In progress | $640 million USD (2021) | [citation needed] | ||
SoFi Stadium | National Football League | Inglewood, California, USA | Completed | 2020 | $4.9 billion (2020) | This domed stadium houses two NFL teams, the Los Angeles Rams, who own the stadium, and the Los Angeles Chargers. | [72] | |
Tottenham Hotspur Stadium | Premier League | London, England, UK | Completed | 2019 | £850 million (2019) | Home to the Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Also designed to host American football games in the NFL International Series | [73] | |
U.S. Bank Stadium | National Football League | Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA | Completed | 2016 | $1.061 billion (2016) | A domed stadium that is home to the Minnesota Vikings. | [74] | |
UBS Arena | National Hockey League | Elmont, New York, USA | 2019 | Completed | 2021 | $1 billion (2021) | This new multi-use arena is designed to handle 18,000 seats to host New York Islanders home games. | [75] |
Wembley Stadium | The Football Association | London, England, UK | Completed | 2007 | £798,000,000 (2007) | Home of the England national football team; also designed to host many other large events. | [76] | |
Yankee Stadium | Major League Baseball | Bronx, New York, USA | Completed | 2009 | $2.309 billion (2009) | This open-air stadium opened as the replacement for the New York Yankees' original Yankee Stadium. It has since become home to a Major League Soccer team, New York City FC. | [77] |
Roads and transport infrastructure
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Third_Mainland_Bridge.jpg/200px-Third_Mainland_Bridge.jpg)
Ground transportation systems like roads, tunnels, bridges, terminals, railways, and mass transit systems are often megaprojects. Numerous large airports and terminals used for airborne passenger and cargo transportation are built as megaprojects.
Africa
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
African Union | Great Green Wall of the Sahara and the Sahel | Sahel region | 2007 | Active | Effort to prevent the expansion of the Sahara Desert | [citation needed] | ||
Nigeria | Abuja Light Rail | Abuja, FCT, Nigeria | Suspended | 2020 | $2.65 billion | The first phase of the project connects the city centre to Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, stopping at the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway station in Idu. The first 12 stations opened in July 2018 before services were suspended in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. | [78][79][80] | |
Fourth Mainland Bridge | Lagos State | 2022 | In progress | $4.2 billion | The fourth mainland bridge will join three other bridges connecting Lagos Island to the mainland. The 38 km (24 mi) bridge and expressway will become the longest bridge and expressway in the world when completed. | [81] | ||
Lagos-Calabar Railway | Lagos, Cross River, Rivers, Anambra States | 2014 | In progress | $11.920 billion | Phase 1 of this 1,402 km (871 mi)standard gauge railway will connect Lagos to Calabar; the second phase will connect Calabar and Lagos through Onitsha. | [82][needs update] | ||
Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway | Lagos, Kano, Kaduna, and Oyo States; FCT | 2016 | In progress | $8.3 billion | This 2,733 km (1,698 mi) standard gauge railway has three planned routes: Abuja to Kaduna, Lagos and Ibadan, and Lagos to Kano. The first two lines opened in 2016 and 2021, respectively. | [83] | ||
Lagos Rail Mass Transit | Lagos State | 2009 | In progress | $3.6 billion | An urban rail system that is planned to have seven lines. The first line opened in 2023. | [84][85] | ||
Third Mainland Bridge | Lagos State | 1970s | Completed | 1990 | Currently the longest of three bridges connecting Lagos Island to mainland Lagos. It is 11 km (6.8 mi) in length. | [citation needed] |
Asia
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bangladesh | Padma Bridge | Munshiganj, Shariatpur, and Madaripur Districts | 2014 | Completed | 2022 | $3.6 billion | A 6.150 km (3.821 mi) two-level road-rail bridge. It is the longest bridge in Bangladesh, the second-longest in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and the longest over the Ganges River in terms of both span and the total length. | [citation needed] |
Dhaka Metro Rail | Dhaka | 2016 | In progress | $2.8 billion | Of the six planned lines, two are operational as of 2022 and 2023, respectively. | [citation needed] | ||
Karnaphuli Tunnel | Chittagong | 2017 | Completed | 2023 | $1.2 billion | First underwater tunnel in the South Asian region. | [citation needed] | |
Bangabandhu Railway Bridge | Sirajganj to Tangail | In progress | $1.6 billion | A 4.8 km (3.0 mi) long railway bridge that is expected to be the largest dedicated rail bridge in the country after completion. | [citation needed] | |||
Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport Terminal 3 | Dhaka | 2019 | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | $2.5 billion | Upon completion of the third terminal, passenger handling capacity of the airport will increase to 20 million from the current 8 million per annum. Cargo handling capacity will also increase to 500,000 from 200,000 tonnes annually. | [citation needed] | |
Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant | Ishwardi | 2017 | In progress | 2027 (proj.) | $12.65 billion | It will be the country's first nuclear power plant. | [citation needed] | |
Central Business District | Purbachal | In progress | $17 billion | It will have three super-tall skyscrapers, surrounded by thirty-eight 40+ floor skyscrapers. | [citation needed] | |||
Bahrain | Bahrain International Airport Expansion Project | Muharraq, Muharraq Island | Completed | 2021 | $1.1 billion USD | [citation needed] | ||
Bahrain Light Rail Network | Nationwide | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $2 billion USD | [citation needed] | |||
India | Bharatmala | Nationwide | 2017 | In progress | More than $110 billion | Road development project under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. | [86] | |
Char Dham Highway | Uttarakhand | In progress | More than $1.5 billion | A two-lane National Highway. | [citation needed] | |||
Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project | Six Indian states | In progress | More than $90 billion | Investments will be spread across the 1,500 km (930 mi) long Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, which will serve as the industrial corridor's transportation backbone. | [87][88][89] | |||
Hyderabad Metro Rail | Hyderabad, Telangana | 2012 | In progress | More than $2.5 billion | Two of the three planned lines became operational in 2017. | [90][91][92] | ||
Hyperloop | Nationwide | Proposed | Proposal to establish hyperloop infrastructure for the Pune-Mumbai, Chennai-Bangalore, and Amaravati-Vijayawada corridors. | [93][94][95] | ||||
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor | Mumbai-Ahmedabad corridor | In progress | 2027 proj. | More than $18 billion | When completed, it will be India's first high-speed rail line. | [96] | ||
Navi Mumbai International Airport | Mumbai | 2021 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | More than $2.5 billion | This project aims to ease air traffic congestion at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport. | [97] | |
Noida International Airport | Noida, Uttar Pradesh | 2021 | In progress | More than $4 billion | This airport aims to decongest the load of the Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi by serving 120 million passengers per year over eight runways. The airport is expected to expand in three phases over 30 years and will be one of the world's largest airports upon completion. Phase 1 will be completed in 2024. | [98][99] | ||
Sagarmala | Nationwide | In progress | More than $130 billion | A Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways project meant to enhance the country's logistics sector. | [100][101] | |||
Indonesia | Jakarta MRT | Jakarta | 2013 | In progress | $2.86 billion | As of 2019, one of the four planned lines is operational. The next two lines to open are expected to open in 2024 and 2026. | [citation needed] | |
Greater Jakarta LRT | Jakarta | 2004 | Completed | 2023 | $1.58 billion | Phase 1, the Bekasi Line and part of the Cibubur Line, were completed in 2023. | [102] | |
Jakarta–Bandung HSR | Java | 2016 | Completed | 2023 | $5.5 billion | 3 of the 4 planned lines have been opened and are operational. | [citation needed] | |
Trans-Sumatra Toll Road | Sumatra | In progress | $33.2 billion | Of the 17 planned segments, 8 have been completed as of 2019. | [citation needed] | |||
Iran | Tehran-Shomal Freeway | Tehran-Mazandaran province | In progress | About $1 billion USD | Will be 121 kilometres (75 mi) in length. As of 2023, three of the four planned sections are operational. | [103] | ||
Israel | Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway | Tel Aviv-Jerusalem | 2001 | completed | $1.9 - $2.8 billion USD | [citation needed] | ||
Tel Aviv Light Rail | Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area | 2015 | In progress | ₪187.5 billion | As of 2023, 1 of the 4 planned light rail transit has been completed. Three metro lines will also be constructed. | [citation needed] | ||
Japan | Japan's Maglev High-Speed Rail (Chūō Shinkansen) | Tokyo–Nagoya–Osaka | 2014 | In progress | 2037 proj. | ¥9 trillion | [citation needed] | |
Kuwait | Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway Project | Kuwait Bay | 2013 | Completed | 2019 | $3 billion | Launching point of Madinat Al-Hareer in Subiya. | [citation needed] |
Kuwait International Airport Passenger Terminal 2 | Kuwait City | 2017 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $4.3 billion | Construction was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. | [104] | |
Malaysia | Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project | Kuala Lumpur | 2016 | In progress | 2028 proj. | RM50 billion | When completed, it will be operated as part of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. | [citation needed] |
MRL East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) | Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor | 2017 | In progress | 2027 proj. | RM44 billion | [citation needed] | ||
Kuala Lumpur International Airport | Selangor | 1993 | Completed | RM3.92 billion | [citation needed] | |||
Penang Sentral | Penang | 2007 | Completed | 2018 | RM230 million | [citation needed] | ||
West Coast Expressway | Selangor and Perak | 2014 | In progress | RM5.044 billion | [citation needed] | |||
Pakistan | Karachi–Lahore Motorway | Karachi to Peshawar through Islamabad, Lahore, Multan and Sukkur | 2015 | Completed | 2020 | $6.6 billion | This six-lane, high-speed, limited-access motorway is 1,694 km (1,053 mi) in length. | [citation needed] |
Karachi Circular Railway | Karachi | 2001 | In progress | $1.6 billion | Revival of the Karachi Circular Railway, which became operational in 1969 and closed in 1999 due to mismanagement. The project includes 23 stations, 3 lines and more than 50 km (31 mi) of track. | [citation needed] | ||
Karachi Metrobus | Karachi | 2013 | In progress | $400 million | Two of the 6 planned lines are operational. | [citation needed] | ||
Malir Expressway | Karachi | 2022 | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | $400 million | As of August 2023, half of the 40.3 km (25.0 mi) expressway is operational. | [citation needed] | |
New Gwadar International Airport | Gwadar | In progress | 2024 (proj. | $400 million | This will replace the existing Gwadar International Airport. | [citation needed] | ||
Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line ML-1 | Multiple Pakistani provinces | 2024 (proj.) | In progress | $7 billion | This renovation is part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. | [citation needed] | ||
Orange Line Metro | Lahore | 2015 | Completed | 2020 | $1.500 billion | This is the first of the three planned Lahore Metro lines and is Pakistan's first driverless metro. | [citation needed] | |
China | China–Pakistan Economic Corridor | Pakistan and Xinjiang, China | In progress | $62 billion | The project aims to connect Gwadar Port to Xinjiang via a network of highways, railways and pipelines to transport oil and gas. The economic corridor is expected to run about 3,000 km (1,900 mi) | [105] | ||
Beijing Daxing International Airport | Beijing | 2014 | Completed | 2019 | $17 billion | [citation needed] | ||
Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge | Pearl River Delta | 2009 | Completed | 2018 | $10.600 billion | [citation needed] | ||
Philippines | Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge | Bataan-Cavite | 2023 | In progress | $3.75 billion | A 32 km (20 mi) bridge over Manila Bay that will connect Central and Southern Luzon. | [106] | |
Manila Metro Rail Transit System | Metro Manila | 1996 | In progress | 2028 proj. | $15.845 million | One line operational as of 2020. It is expected to have a total of eight lines with a total length of 142 km (88 mi). | [107][108][109][110][111][112] | |
Mindanao Railway expansion | Mindanao | [113] | ||||||
New Manila International Airport | Bulacan | 2022 | In progress | 2027 proj. | $14.111 billion | Aims to decongest and eventually replace Ninoy Aquino International Airport. It will be operated by the San Miguel Corporation. | [114] | |
North–South Commuter Railway | Metro Manila, Central Luzon | 2019 | In progress | 2029 proj. | $14.95 billion | The railway will connect Clark International Airport with Metro Manila and Calabarzon. | [115] | |
PNR South Long Haul | Luzon | In progress | 2027 proj. | $3.45 billion | [116] | |||
South Luzon Expressway expansion | Metro Manila, Calabarzon | 2006 | In progress | $2.278 billion | Includes Toll Road 4 from Calamba to Lucena, Toll Road 5 from Lucena to Matnog, and the Pasig River Expressway. | [citation needed] | ||
Qatar | Doha Metro | Doha | In progress | 2026 (proj.) | $36 billion | Construction will add 300 km (190 mi) of track. | [citation needed] | |
Qatar Expressway Programme | Doha | In progress | $28 billion USD (CAPEX) | This programme aims to deliver more than 800 km (500 mi) of new or upgraded roads and more than 200 interchanges in Qatar. It is part of the Qatar National Vision 2030. One of the motivating factors was the 2022 FIFA World Cup. | [117] | |||
Saudi Arabia | King Abdulaziz International Airport expansion | Jeddah | 2006 | Completed | 2019 | $7.2 billion | [citation needed] | |
Riyadh Metro | Riyadh | 2014 | Completed | 2024 (proj.) | $23.5 billion | [118] | ||
Singapore | Cross Island MRT Line | Nationwide | 2023 | In progress | $40.7 billion SGD | [citation needed] | ||
Changi Airport Terminal 5 | Asia–Pacific | 2022 | In progress | Mid-2030s (proj.) | $10 billion USD | The terminal will be able to handle a capacity of 70 million passengers a year upon completion. | [citation needed] | |
Marina Coastal Expressway | Nationwide | 2008 | Completed | 2013 | $4.3 billion SGD | First undersea expressway in Singapore. | [119] | |
Tuas Mega Port | In progress | $20 billion | Tuas Port will be able to handle 65 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) annually, almost double the 36.9 million TEUs that Singapore handled in 2020. | [citation needed] | ||||
South Korea | Incheon International Airport | Seoul Capital Area | 1992 | Completed | 2024 (proj.) | Over 3,903₩ trillion | Intended to replace Gimpo International Airport | [120][121] |
Thailand | High-speed rail in Thailand | Central, Western and Southern Thailand | In progress | 2037 (proj.) | $30 billion | The project consists of four high-speed rail corridors: one international corridor, which will be a part of the Kunming–Singapore Railway project after completion. | [citation needed] | |
Vietnam | Long Thanh International Airport | Ho Chi Minh City | 2019 | In progress | After 2035 (proj. | $7.8 billion | This project is partially operational. | [citation needed] |
UAE | Al Maktoum International Airport | Dubai | In progress | 2030 (proj.) | $82 billion | Upon completion, it will be the fourth largest airport in the world.[122] |
Europe
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Croatia | Pelješac Bridge | Dubrovnik-Neretva County | 2018 | Completed | 2022 | Around €420 million (€357 million of EU funds) | The bridge links the Croatian exclave to the rest of the country while bypassing Bosnia and Herzegovina's short coastal strip at Neum. | [123] |
Czech Republic | Blanka tunnel complex | Prague | 2006 | Completed | 2015 | $1.97 billion | The longest city tunnel in Europe at 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) | [citation needed] |
Denmark/Germany | Fehmarn Belt fixed link | Lolland, Fehmarn | 2021 | In progress | €10 billion | An immersed tunnel connection the Danish island of Lolland with the German island of Fehmarn. | [citation needed] | |
European Union | TEN-T Core Network | Europe | In progress | More than €600 billion | The purpose of the project is to connect nine European Corridors. The Trans-European conventional rail network is part of the EU megaproject to help alleviate and assist in the transport of goods throughout the 27 EU member states. | [124][125] | ||
France | Grand Paris Express | Paris | 2015 | In progress | 2030 (proj.) | $45 billion | Lines will be opened in stages between 2024 and 2030. | [citation needed] |
Germany | German Reunification Transport Projects Number 8 | Berlin Central Station and Nuremberg Main Station | In progress | $10 billion | Proposed after German Reunification, this is a set of major construction projects meant to increase and improve transport links between East and West Germany. | [citation needed] | ||
Greece | Athens Metro | Athens | 2021 | In progress | 2029 or 2030 (proj.) | €5.75 billion | Lines 1, 2 and 3 are already operational and are undergoing upgrades. | [126][127][128] |
Egnatia Odos | Igoumenitsa-Kipoi | 1995 | Completed | €5.93 billion | This project was built alongside the general route of the ancient Roman Via Egnatia and consisted of 670 kilometres (420 mi) of motorways. | [129] | ||
Egnatia Railway | Alexandroupolis-Igoumenitsa | Approved | €10 billion | Proposed in 2017; upon completion, it will be Europe's largest railway megaproject. | [130][131] | |||
Ionia Odos | Ioannina-Gulf of Corinth | 2006 | Completed | Over €1.1 billion | As part of this project, 196 kilometres (122 mi) of motorways were built. | [132] | ||
Thessaloniki Metro | Thessaloniki | 2006 | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | €2.26 billion | The purpose of the project is to create a 35-station underground rapid transit system in Greece's second-largest city. Construction has been delayed due to the Greek financial crisis. | [133] | |
Thessaloniki–Kavala–Xanthi railway | Northern Greece | In progress | €1.25 billion | A new electrified railway line running parallel to the A2 motorway, cutting travel times and will replace the existing Thessaloniki–Alexandroupoli railway which was built during the Ottoman Empire. | [134] | |||
Tithorea-Domokos bypass | Phthiotis Municipality | 1997 | Completed | 2019 | €1.8 billion | A total of 106 km (66 mi) of high-speed railways were built as a bypass to the existing conventional mountainous railway line linking Thessaloniki with Athens, including 35.5 kilometres (22.1 mi) of tunnels and 6.8 km (4.2 mi) of bridges. | [135][136] | |
Italy | Strait of Messina Bridge | Sicily and Calabria | 2024 | Proposed | 2032 | €11 billion | If fully approved and built, the bridge will be the longest suspension bridge in the world, surpassing the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge in Turkey, the world's current longest suspension bridge span as this Messina Bridge will be 60% more than the main span. The bridge could also potentially be part of the Berlin–Palermo railway axis (Line 1) of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T). | [137] |
Montenegro | Bar-Boljare motorway | Bar, Boljare | 2015 | In progress | 2022 | $3 billion | The highway is 40.871 km (25.396 mi) long ad tunnels and bridges make up about 60% of the entire route. The first section between Podgorica and Mateševo opened in July 2022. | [citation needed] |
Norway | Coastal Highway E39 | Trondheim-Kristiansand | 2018 | In progress | 382kr billion | The purpose of the project is to replace all ferry links along the route with fixed connections to reduce travel time from 21 hours to 11 hours. Construction is uncertain and each project will be evaluated separately. | [citation needed] | |
InterCity | Østlandet | In progress | 2034 (proj.) | 50kr billion (2022) | Project to connect all major towns in the vicinity of Oslo by a double-rail line. | [citation needed] | ||
Fornebu Line | Oslo, Bærum | 2020 | In progress | 2027 (proj.) | 13.32kr billion | A new metro line stretching from Majorstuen to Fornebu through Oslo. | [citation needed] | |
Poland | Central Transport Hub | Gmina Baranów | Proposed | More than $8 billion | Airport/train station in Warsaw. Phase 1 is scheduled to open in 2027. | [138] | ||
Portugal | Vasco da Gama Bridge | Lisbon | 1995 | Completed | 1998 | $1.1 billion | It is the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of 12.3 km (7.6 mi), including 0.8 km (0.50 mi) for the main bridge and 11.5 km (7.1 mi) in viaducts. | [citation needed] |
Lisbon–Porto high-speed rail line | Porto-Lisbon | In progress | 2030+(proj.) | €4.5 billion | When completed, the project will shorten journey time between the two cities to 75 minutes. | [139] | ||
Serbia | Belgrade Metro | Belgrade | 2021 | In progress | 2028 (proj.) | $5 billion | This construction will includes 43 stations and 2 lines. | [citation needed] |
Belgrade-Boljare motorway | Belgrade, Boljare | In progress | $2.5 billion | Part of the Belgrade-Bar motorway. The second section is the most expensive section of the entire motorway due to unfavourable terrain, requiring the construction of many tunnels and bridges. | [citation needed] | |||
Belgrade Waterfront | Belgrade | 2014 | In progress | $3.5 billion | An urban renewal development project. | [citation needed] | ||
Serbia-Hungary | Budapest–Belgrade railway | Budapest-Belgrade | 2021 | In progress | Around $5 billion | This will connect the two capitals by high-speed rail. This is stage one of the Budapest–Belgrade–Skopje–Athens railway, which itself is part of China's Belt and Road Initiative. | [citation needed] | |
Serbia-North Macedonia-Greece | Morava-Vardar Canal | Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece | Proposed | $17 billion | This would make Great Morava and South Morava accessible to boats from Thessaloniki and make Morava and Vardar navigable rivers, and clean them for passage of boats. China has a vested interest in building the canal.[why?] | [140] | ||
Slovenia | Divača–Koper Railway upgrade | Slovenia | 2021 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $1.175 billion | This 27.1 kilometres (16.8 mi) railway will better connect inland regions with the seaside and port of Koper. | [141][142] |
Switzerland | Gotthard Base Tunnel | Alps | 1999 | Completed | 2015 | CHF 9.56 billion | At 57 km (35 mi), it became the world's longest and deepest rail tunnel upon its completion in 2015. | [citation needed] |
Turkey | 1915 Çanakkale Bridge | Çanakkale | 2017 | Completed | 2022 | $2.7 billion | The bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the world | [citation needed] |
Eurasia Tunnel | Istanbul | 2011 | Completed | 2016 | $1.24 billion | It is the first road tunnel connecting the Asian and European continents underneath the seafloor. | ||
Istanbul Airport | Istanbul | 2014 | Completed | 2018 | $22 billion | It replaced the existing Atatürk Airport. | ||
Marmaray | Istanbul | 2004 | Completed | 2013 | $4.1 billion | Marmaray is the first standard gauge rail connection between Europe and Asia. | ||
Osmangazi Bridge | Gebze | 2013 | Completed | 2016 | $1.2 billion | The brigde was upon opening the longest suspension bridge in Turkey | ||
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge | Istanbul | 2013 | Completed | 2016 | $4.5 billion | It is one of the world's widest suspension bridge | ||
United Kingdom | Expansion of Heathrow Airport | London | Proposed | $25.24 billion USD | This construction would add a third runway and an additional terminal. | [citation needed] | ||
Irish Sea Bridge | Irish Sea | - | Abandoned | - | £335 billion | Abandoned due to cost. | ||
High Speed 2 | Greater London, South East England, West Midlands | 2020 | In progress | 2040 (proj.) | £98 billion | [citation needed] | ||
London Crossrail Project Elizabeth line | Greater London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex | 2009 | Completed | 2022 | £18.8 billion | Fully operational by May 2023. | [143] | |
M8 motorway | Glasgow-Edinburgh | 2015 | Completed | 2017 | £30 million | [citation needed] | ||
Northern Powerhouse Rail | Northern England | Proposed | 2033 (proj.) | $19 billion USD | Sometimes referred to as High Speed 3. | [citation needed] |
North America
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | Southwest Calgary Ring Road | Calgary | 2016 | Completed | 2021 | More than $5 billion | Part of the CANAMEX Corridor and the Stoney Trail. | [144] |
West Calgary Ring Road[clarification needed] | Calgary | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | More than $1 billion | [citation needed] | |||
Calgary LRT Expansion | Calgary | 2022 | In progress | 2026 (proj.) | More than $4.5 billion | [citation needed] | ||
New Champlain Bridge Corridor Project | Québec | 2015 | Completed | 2019 | $4.24 billion | Replaced the existing Champlain Bridge. | [citation needed] | |
Confederation Bridge | The Maritimes | 1993 | Completed | 1997 | $1.3 billion | The 12.9 km (8.0 mi) bridge is the longest bridge in the world crossing ice-covered water. | [citation needed] | |
Confederation Line | Ottawa | 2013 | Completed | 2019 | $2.1 billion | The largest project in Ottawa since the Rideau Canal. | [145] (Phase 1). | |
Crowchild Trail Upgrades | Calgary | After 2027 (proj.) | Approved | 2030 (proj.) | More than $3 billion | [citation needed] | ||
Gordie Howe International Bridge | Windsor, Ontario | 2018 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $5.7 billion | International cable stayed bridge over the Detroit River between Canada and the United States. | [citation needed] | |
Line 5 Eglinton | Toronto | 2011 | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | $9.1 billion | [144] | ||
Port Mann Bridge | Vancouver | 2009 | Completed | 2015 | $1.93 billion | The widest bridge in the world at the time of opening. The cable-stayed bridge uses 288 cables to reach the total bridge length of 6,866 feet (2,093 m) | ||
Réseau Express Métropolitain | Montréal | 2018 | In progress | 2027 (proj.) | $6.95 billion | Partly operational beginning in July 2023, with other parts expecting to be opened in stages between 2024 and 2027. | [144][146] | |
Costa Rica | Orotina Mega Airport | Orotina | [citation needed] | |||||
Green Costa Rican Canal | [citation needed] | |||||||
Electric Train of The Great Metropolitan Area | [citation needed] | |||||||
Mexico | Durango-Mazatlán Highway | Durango-Sinaloa | 2008 | Completed | 2012 | $1.4 billion | The Baluarte Bridge, which is part of the highway, received a Guinness World Record for being the highest suspension bridge in western Mexico. | [citation needed] |
Mexico City Texcoco Airport | Mexico City | - | Cancelled | - | $13.3 billion | After taking office, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador cancelled this mega-project in favor of a "metropolitan airport system", which kept the two-runway Benito Juárez International Airport from being decommissioned. | [citation needed] | |
Felipe Ángeles International Airport | Mexico City | 2019 | In progress | $7.1 billion | The airport's first terminal and two runways were opened in 2022. | [citation needed] | ||
Panama | 4th bridge over the Panama Canal | Panama Canal | In progress | $1.4 billion | [citation needed] | |||
Panama Metro line 1 | Panama City | 2010 | Completed | 2014 | $1.8 billion | [citation needed] | ||
Panama Metro line 2 | Panama City | 2015 | Completed | 2019 | $2 billion | [147] | ||
Panama Metro line 3 | Panama City | 2021 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $2.6 billion | [148] | ||
United States | Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel | Seattle | 2007 | Completed | $3.1 billion | [citation needed] | ||
Big Dig | Boston | 1991 | Completed | 2007 | $14.6 billion ($24.3 billion after interest) | [citation needed] | ||
Brightline West | Las Vegas Valley-Greater Los Angeles | 2023 (proj.) | In progress | 2027 (proj.) | $10 billion | This link would connect with the California High-Speed Rail. | [citation needed] | |
California High-Speed Rail | Los Angeles-San Francisco | In progress | 2030 (proj.) | $100 billion | A 1,300 km (810 mi) high-speed rail system is expected to be completed in phases up to 2030. | [citation needed] | ||
Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program | Chicago | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $4.6 billion | CREATE is a railway improvement program consisting of 70 projects, including the construction of grade separations, overpasses, and other rail projects. | [149] | ||
East Side Access | Manhattan and Queens | 2007 | Completed | 2023 | More than $11.1 billion | This network expansion project intended to increase direct services into Grand Central Terminal and decrease congestion in Midtown Manhattan. It also provides regular access from the New Haven and Hudson Lines to Penn Station. | [citation needed] | |
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge | Seattle | 2011 | Completed | 2016 | $4.56 billion | This 2,350 m (7,710 ft) long floating bridge is the longest of its type in the world; its predecessor previously held the title. | [citation needed] | |
Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel Expansion | Hampton Roads | 2020 | In progress | 2027 (proj.) | More than $3.9 billion | This project will widen the current four-lane segments to eight lanes along nearly 10 mi (16 km) of the I-64 corridor from Hampton to Norfolk, Virginia with new twin tunnels. | [150] | |
Interstate Highway System | Nationwide | 1956 | Completed | 2018 | $500 billion | [citation needed] | ||
John F. Kennedy International Airport Redevelopment | New York City | 2020 | In progress | $19 billion | Phase 1, which covers Terminals 1, 4, 6, and 8, is expected to be completed by 2026. The redevelopment project aims to rebuild passenger facilities and approaches to the airport. | [citation needed] | ||
LaGuardia Airport Project | New York City | 2016 | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | $8 billion | A complete retrofit of the airport was expected by 2022 but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. | [citation needed] | |
Los Angeles International Airport | Los Angeles | In progress | $14 billion | Renovation of existing terminals, as well as new terminals and infrastructure. | [citation needed] | |||
Newark Airport Terminal A | Newark | Completed | 2023 | $14 billion | Construction added a new parking garage, 33 gates, and a walkway connecting the AirTrain, parking garage, and terminal. | [citation needed] | ||
Norfolk Southern Railway Crescent Corridor Expansion | Northeast to Southeast regions; New York and Philadelphia to Atlanta and New Orleans | 2010 | Completed | 2013 | $2.5 billion | A public-private partnership between Norfolk Southern (NS), the Federal Government, and the various state governments impacted by the 2,500 mi (4,000 km) corridor. Project involved construction of 4 new intermodal terminals, expansion of several other NS railyards, and double-tracking and siding improvements at strategic locations along the corridor. | [151][152][153] | |
O'Hare Modernization Plan | Chicago | 2001 | Completed | 2021 | $8.8 billion | [154][155] | ||
Ohio River Bridges Project | Louisville, Kentucky | Completed | 2016 | $2.3 billion | The project involved reconstructing the Kennedy Interchange, the completion of two new Ohio River bridges and the reconstruction of ramps on Interstate 65. The final project omitted some features of the original plan. | [156] | ||
Project Connect | Austin, Texas | In progress | $7.1 billion | Public transit expansion including the construction of two new light rail lines, a new commuter rail line, and a bus rapid transmit line. The project has undergone several cuts since its passing in 2020. | [157] The project started construction in 2021 and is expected to be completed by 2034.[158] | |||
Puget Sound Gateway Program | Seattle & Tacoma, Washington | 2015 | In progress | 2028 (proj.) | $2.38 billion | This project includes the completion of SR 167 between Puyallup and Tacoma and of SR 509 from I-5 to Burien. | [159] | |
Reagan Airport's Project Journey | Washington, D.C. | 2018 | Completed | 2021 | $1 billion | This renovation introduced a new security building and checkpoints and added a new 14-gate concourse. | [citation needed] | |
San Francisco International Airport Redevelopment | San Francisco | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | $2.4 billion | The airport began a multiphase renovation project to turn Terminal 1 into a more environmentally friendly passenger facility. | [citation needed] | ||
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge | San Francisco-Oakland, California | 2002 | Completed | 2013 | $6.4 billion | [citation needed] | ||
Second Avenue Subway Project | Manhattan | 1972 | In progress | $17 billion | The proposed full line would be 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long, with 16 stations and a projected ridership of 560,000 people. Phase 1 opened in 2017. | [citation needed] | ||
Washington Metro Silver Line | Washington, D.C. | 2009 | Completed | 2022 | $6.8 billion | Phase 1 included the creation of a new line through Tysons which opened in 2014. Phase 2 expanded this line to Dulles International Airport and beyond, and opened in 2022. | [citation needed] | |
Sound Transit 3 | Seattle | Late 2020s (proj.) | Planned | 2041 (proj.) | $50 billion | This project is to expand the current light rail and bus system currently used by the city and is to be completed in stages from 2024 to 2041. | [citation needed] |
- Vancouver's new Port Mann Bridge with the old bridge fully demolished
- Baluarte Bridge under construction, 2023
- Boston's highway system before and after the Big Dig
- The completed replacement and the old eastern span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (2013)
- Evergreen Point Floating Bridge viewed from the east end in Medina shortly after opening in April 2016
Oceania
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | Central Station Redevelopment | Sydney-Eveleigh | Proposed | $10 billion | Extension of Sydney's CBD with an approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) long renewal corridor | [160] | ||
Cross River Rail | Brisbane | 2017 | In progress | 2026 (proj.) | $5.4 billion | Upon completion, it will be the first rail-only Brisbane River crossing since the completion of the Merivale Bridge in 1978 | [161] | |
Metro Tunnel | Melbourne | 2017 | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | $11 billion | This construction includes two 9 km (5.6 mi) rail tunnels and five new underground stations. | [citation needed] | |
North East Link | Melbourne | 2020 | In progress | 2028 (proj.) | $15.8 billion | This will connect the M80 Ring Road to the Eastern Freeway. | [citation needed] | |
OneSKY | Canberra | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | $2 billion | Replacement for the Australian Advanced Air Traffic System. | [162] | ||
Suburban Rail Loop | Melbourne | 2022 | In progress | 2050 (proj.) | $50 billion | The East and North sections, the two main ones, are planned to form a single 60 km (37 mi), fully-automated orbital metro line through the middle suburbs. Construction began on SRL East in 2022. | [163] | |
Sydney Metro City & Southwest | Sydney | 2017 | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | $20.5 billion (2023) | 30 km (19 mi) rapid transit railway line. | [164] | |
Sydney Metro West | Sydney | 2020 | In progress | 2033 (proj.) | $27 billion AUD | 24 km (15 mi) rapid transit railway line. | [165] |
Planned cities and urban renewal projects
Africa
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Egypt | Madinaty | Cairo Governorate | 2006 | In progress | $10 billion | Housing project. | [166] | |
New Administrative Capital | Cairo Governorate | 2015 | Completed | 2025 (proj.) | $250 billion | Phase 1 of 3 was completed in 2023. The full project is expected to house 6,500,000 people. | [citation needed] | |
New Alamein City | Matrouh Governorate | 2015 | In progress | $60 billion | Construction is spread out over three phases. | [citation needed] | ||
Galala City | Suez Governorate | 2018 | In progress | $63 billion | Construction is spread out over three phases. Phase 1 has been completed. | [167] | ||
New Mansoura City | Cairo Governorate | 2017 | In progress | $3.7 billion | [citation needed] | |||
Ethiopia | Chaka Project | Addis Ababa | 2022 | In progress | $16 billion | [citation needed] | ||
Kenya | Konza Technopolis | Konza | Planned | $14.5 billion | Part of Kenya Vision 2030. | [citation needed] | ||
Nigeria | Abuja | Federal Capital Territory | 1980s | Completed | Abuja has been the capital of Nigeria since 1991 and is among the four largest urban areas in Nigeria. | [168] | ||
Asokoro Island | Abuja | In progress | $1 billion | A peninsula development located in Abuja's Asokoro district on approximately 60 hectares of land. | [169][170] | |||
Centenary City | Federal Capital Territory | 2014 | In progress | $18 billion | A planned smart city to mark the country's centennial anniversary. It is expected to house 400,000 residents. | [171] | ||
Eko Atlantic | Lagos State | 2007 | In progress | $6 billion | This planned city is being built on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. Upon completion, the project anticipates at least 250,000 residents and an additional daily flow of 150,000 commuters. | [172] | ||
Festac Town Phase 2 | Lagos State | In progress | $2.4 billion | Phase 2 of the development was approved in 2014. | [173] | |||
Lekki | Lagos State | In progress | Phase 1 was completed and is currently in use. Other phases of the project include areas for free-trade zones, an airport, and a seaport. The completed city is expected to accommodate more than 3.4 million residents with an influx of 1.9 million commuters. | [174] | ||||
South Africa | Modderfontein New City | Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality | - | Abandoned | - | $7.8 billion | [175][176][177] |
-
- Aerial shot of Madinaty.
- The Eko Atlantic skyline from Tarkwa Bay Beach.
- The Lekki-Epe Expressway in Lekki.
-
Asia
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azerbaijan | Khazar Islands | Baku Archipelago | Stalled | $100 billion USD | Artificial archipelago consisting of 41 islands spreading 3,000 hectares. It is expected to house 1 million people upon completion. | [citation needed] | ||
India | Chennai Bangalore Industrial Corridor | Chennai-Bangalore | In progress | [citation needed] | ||||
Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor | Delhi-Mumbai | In progress | 2037 (proj.) | $90 billion | The project aims to create seven smart cities distributed along the backbone of the freight corridor between Delhi and Mumbai. | [citation needed] | ||
Dholera SIR | Gujarat | Planned | Before 2040 (proj.) | Part of India's Smart Cities Mission. | [citation needed] | |||
Gujarat International Finance Tec-City | Gujarat | 2007 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $20 billion | India's first International Financial Services Centre. The city is operational, with the fourth and final phase of the project commencing in 2021. | [179][180] | |
Mumbai-Bangalore Economic Corridor | Bangalore-Mumbai | Proposed | [citation needed] | |||||
Navi Mumbai | India | In progress | $13.4 billion | World's largest planned city. Contains a population of 2.6 million. | [181] | |||
Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor | Vizag-Chennai | Proposed | Part of the East Coast Economic Corridor. | [citation needed] | ||||
Indonesia | Ancol Dreamland | Jakarta | Completed | 600-hectare integrated tourism area. | [citation needed] | |||
BSD City | Greater Jakarta | Completed | 1989 | 6000 hectares. | [citation needed] | |||
Lippo Cikarang | Greater Jakarta | 1990 | Completed | $18.75 billion | A township and industrial park on 332 hectares of land. | [citation needed] | ||
Pantai Indah Kapuk | Jakarta | Completed | A prestigious gated community. | [citation needed] | ||||
Nusantara | Modern-day East Kalimantan | 2022 | In progress | Set to replace Jakarta as the capital. | [182] | |||
Iran | Iran Mall | Tehran | 2010 | In progress | 200,000 Billion IRR CBI Rate equivalent $5.2 Billion USD | The project spans more than 1.6 million square meters that includes shopping mall, two tower, two 5 star hotels, and a lake. | [183][184] | |
Iraq | The Bride of the Gulf | Basra | Proposed | Part of Basra's project to rebuild. | [citation needed] | |||
Japan | Roppongi Hills | Tokyo | 2000 | Completed | 2003 | $4 billion USD | One of Japan's largest integrated property developments. | [citation needed] |
Sky Mile Tower | Tokyo | Proposed | If built, construction would conclude around 2045. The tower would stand 1.7 kilometres (5,600 ft) high and have a capacity of around 55,000 people. | [citation needed] | ||||
Jordan | Abdali Project | Amman | In progress | $5 billion USD | This project is being developed on 384,000 square metres (0.148 sq mi) of land, intending to create a total built-up area of over 1,700,000 m2 (0.66 sq mi). | [185][186] | ||
Kuwait | Madinat al-Hareer | Kuwait | 2019 | In progress | $632 billion USD | A 250 km2 (62,000 acres) planned urban area. | [citation needed] | |
Malaysia | Forest City | Johor Bahru | In progress | 2035 (proj.) | $100 billion USD | A private town on reclaimed land. | [citation needed] | |
Iskandar Malaysia | Johor Bahru | 2006 | In progress | $100 billion USD | [citation needed] | |||
KL River City | Kuala Lumpur | In progress | Rm16.5 billion | Rehabilitation project along the Gombak River. | [187] | |||
Melaka Gateway | Malacca City | 2014 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $400 billion USD | [citation needed] | ||
Merdeka 118 | Kuala Lumpur | 2016 | Completed | 2023 | Rm5 billion | Upon completion, it became the tallest building in Malaysia. | [citation needed] | |
Putrajaya | Sepang District | 1995 | Completed | $8.1 billion USD | In 1999, most of the seats of government moved from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya. | [citation needed] | ||
Pakistan | Bahria Paradise | Karachi | In progress | Part of Bahria Town | [citation needed] | |||
Bahria Town | Karachi | 2014 | In progress | $1 billion USD | A gated community near Karachi. | [188] | ||
Bundel Island City | Karachi | Proposed | $50 billion USD | While the project has been long proposed, it has never materialized due to environmental concerns, especially the threat to mangroves, and objections from the Sindh Government. | [citation needed] | |||
Capital Smart City | Islamabad | Planned | A planned housing development and smart city near New Islamabad International Airport. | [citation needed] | ||||
Crescent Bay | Karachi | 2006 | In progress | 2050 (proj.) | $2.4 billion USD | An upscale, mixed-use oceanfront development in Karachi. | [citation needed] | |
DHA City (DCK) | Karachi | Planned | Upon completion, the new city anticipates at least 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 50,000 commuters. | [189][190] | ||||
Gwadar Port City | Gwadar | $62 billion | [citation needed] | |||||
Islamabad | Islamabad Capital Territory | 1960s | Completed | ₨24 billion | Replaced Karachi as Pakistan's capital city. Islamabad has a population of 2.2 million. | [191] | ||
LDA City | Lahore | In progress | The city is to be built on a 3,059 hectare piece of virgin land and is the largest housing development in Punjab. | [192] | ||||
Port Tower Complex | Karachi | Planned | $350 million USD | The 593 metres (1,946 ft) tall skyscraper will be situation on a manmade island and, upon completion, will be the tallest building in South Asia. | [citation needed] | |||
Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project | Lahore | 2020 | In progress | $41.04 billion USD | 70,000-acre urban development along both sides of the Ravi River. | [193][194][195] | ||
China | Todtown | Shanghai | 2014 | Completed | 2022 | $1.5 billion USD | A mixed-use development. | [citation needed] |
Philippines | Bonifacio Global City | Metro Manila | Completed | Previously occupied by the Philippine Army headquarters, it is currently one of Metro Manila's main central business districts. | [citation needed] | |||
Eastwood City | Quezon City | Completed | A high-density mixed-use development. | [citation needed] | ||||
Entertainment City | Manila Bay | In progress | $15 billion USD | An entertainment complex intended to be the Philippine counterpart of Macau and Las Vegas. It is built upon reclaimed land along Manila Bay. | [citation needed] | |||
Lancaster New City Zone 1 and Zone 2 | Cavite | In progress | 2,000 hectare planned community. | |||||
New Clark City | Tarlac, Pampanga | In progress | ₱3.2 billion | A 9,450-hectare planned city modeled after South Korea's Songdo City. | [citation needed] | |||
Nuvali | Laguna | In progress | 2,290 hectare planned community. | |||||
Qatar | Lusail | Al Daayen Municipality | Completed | $45 billion USD | Host city of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. As of 2022, it has a population of 198,600 people. | [citation needed] | ||
Saudi Arabia | Jeddah Economic City | Jeddah | 2013 | In progress | 2030 (proj.) | SAR75 billion | The centerpiece of the development project will be the SAR4.45 billion Jeddah Tower, a tower planned to become the tallest in the world. | [citation needed] |
King Abdullah Economic City | Mecca Province | In progress | $100 billion USD | Phase 1 was completed in 2010. | [citation needed] | |||
King Abdullah Financial District | Riyadh | In progress | $78 billion USD | One of five phases has been completed. | [citation needed] | |||
Masjid al-Haram | Mecca | Completed | 2020 | $100 billion | [citation needed] | |||
Neom | Tabuk Province | 2017 | In progress | 2039 (proj.) | $500 billion USD | A planned urban area containing The Line and Neom Bay Airport. | [196][197] | |
South Korea | Sejong City | Sejong City | 2014 | In progress | 2030 (proj.) | Set to replace Seoul as the capital city of the country. | [198] | |
Sri Lanka | Colombo Port City | Colombo | 2014 | In progress | 2041 (proj.) | $15 billion USD | A reclaimed offshore city that serves as a special economic zone and international financial centre. | [199] |
United Arab Emirates | Burj Al Arab | Dubai | 1994 | Completed | 1999 | AED3.7 billion | The third tallest hotel in the world. | [citation needed] |
Burj Khalifa | Dubai | 2004 | Completed | 2009 | AED5.51 billion | The tallest building in the world since its grand opening in January 2010. | [citation needed] | |
Business Bay | Dubai | In progress | AED110.18 billion | Once completed, it will be the region's business capital and will be composed primarily of office and residential towers. | [citation needed] | |||
Dubai Creek Tower | Dubai | 2016 | In progress | AED3.67 billion | When completed, it will surpass the height of the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building since 2010. | [citation needed] | ||
Dubai International City | Dubai | 2004 | In progress | AED348.65 billion | The city is expected to house 60,000 residents when completed. | [citation needed] | ||
Dubai Marina | Dubai | In progress | A district of Dubai and the world's largest manmade marina. The area is operational and continues to undergo development. | [citation needed] | ||||
Dubai Meydan City | Dubai | In progress | AED8.08 billion | [citation needed] | ||||
Dubai Waterfront | Dubai | - | Cancelled | - | After persistent erosion issues and the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the project was cancelled. | [citation needed] | ||
Dubailand | Dubai | 2003 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | AED245.99 billion | Originally intended to be the largest leisure development in the world, Dubailand faced financial trouble during the 2007-2008 crisis. Plans have been scaled down since. | [citation needed] | |
Falconcity of Wonders | Dubai | 2005 | In progress | $36.5 billion USD | [citation needed] | |||
Jumeirah Garden City | Dubai | Stalled | AED348.65 billion | [citation needed] | ||||
Mall of the World | Dubai | Planned | 2029 (proj.) | $6.8 billion USD | Upon completion, this will be the world's largest shopping mall. | [citation needed] | ||
Masdar City | Abu Dhabi | 2006 | In progress | AED80.8 billion | The city will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, with a sustainable, zero-carbon, zero-waste ecology and will be a car free city. | [citation needed] | ||
Palm Deira | Dubai | 2005 | One of the Palm Islands. | [citation needed] | ||||
Palm Jebel Ali | Dubai | 2001 | Stalled | $4 billion USD | One of the Palm Islands. | [citation needed] | ||
Palm Jumeirah | Dubai | 2001 | Completed | $12.3 billion USD | The world's largest manmade island. | [citation needed] | ||
The Universe | Dubai | Indefinite hold | A planned artificial archipelago in the shape of the Milky Way and Solar System. | [citation needed] | ||||
The World | Dubai | 2003 | In progress | $14 billion USD | An artificial archipelago of various small islands constructed in the rough shape of a world map | [citation needed] | ||
Yas Island | Abu Dhabi | In progress | $36 billion USD | A leisure island that is home to Yas Marina Circuit, which has hosted the Formula One Abu Dhabi Grand Prix since 2009. | [citation needed] |
- TODTOWN in Shanghai, July 2019.
-
- Aerial shot of Pantai Indah Kapuk.
- Dusk in Roppongi Hills, as seen from Mori Tower.
- The skyline of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.
Europe
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
France | Europa City | Gonesse | 2016 | Cancelled | 2019 | €3.07 billion | Construction began in 2016 but was cancelled in 2019 due to local opposition and concerns about the project's environmental impact. | [citation needed] |
La Défense (1958–2014) | Paris metropolitan area | 1958 | Completed | 2014 | More than Fr41.972 billion | La Défense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district. | [citation needed] | |
La Défense (2016–present) | Paris metropolitan area | 2016 | In progress | More than €903 million | This project includes modernization and refurbishment of the existing area, as well as the addition of green spaces. | [citation needed] | ||
Germany | Potsdamer Platz Redevelopment | Berlin | Completed | [citation needed] | ||||
HafenCity | Hamburg | 2003 | In progress | 2030 (proj.) | One of the largest urban redevelopment projects in Europe by landmass. | [citation needed] | ||
Norway | Fjordbyen | Oslo | 1980s | In progress | An urban redevelopment project. | [citation needed] | ||
Oslo Airport City | Oslo | In progress | [citation needed] | |||||
Romania | Esplanada City Center | Bucharest | - | Cancelled | - | $4.2 billion USD | A planned multifunctional city center in Bucharest. | [citation needed] |
Russia | Lakhta Centre | Lakhta, Saint Petersburg | 2012 | Completed | 2019 | ₽77.1 billion | It is the tallest building in both Russia and Europe and replaced the cancelled Okhta Center. | [citation needed] |
Moscow International Business Center | Moscow | 1995 | In progress | 2030 (proj. | More than ₽309 billion | The complex is home to the highest numbers of skyscrapers in Europe. | [citation needed] | |
Okhta Center | Saint Petersburg | Cancelled | - | ₽65 billion | Cancelled due to protests from the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, who wanted to preserve the skyline of Saint Petersburg's historic district. | [citation needed] | ||
Spain | Bilbao Renovation Project | Bilbao | 1990s | Completed | A deindustrialisation process beginning in the 1990s with the construction of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao | [citation needed] | ||
Cuatro Torres Business Area | Madrid | 2004 | Completed | 2021 | $1 billion USD (est.) | A complex of four skyscrapers, including Torre Cepsa, in Madrid's financial district. | [citation needed] | |
Madrid Nuevo Norte | Madrid | 2021 (proj.) | In progress | 2045 (proj. | $10.55 billion USD | Expansion of the existing Paseo de la Castellana. | [citation needed] | |
Southeast developments | Madrid | In progress | 2040-2050 (proj. | More than $3.5 billion USD | Expansion of the city with the creation of six new neighborhoods: Los cerros, Ensanche de Vallecas, Valdecarros, El Cañaveral, Los Berrocales, and El Ahijones. These additions expect to create 145,637 homes. | [citation needed] | ||
Sweden | Million Programme | Nationwide | 1965 | Completed | 1974 | $5 billion USD (approx. | A public housing program meant to establish affordable housing. | [citation needed] |
Northvolt Gigafactories | Skellefteå, Västerås | 2021 | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | $4.7 billion USD | Lithium ion battery factory development. | [200] | |
Redevelopment of Slussenområdet | Stockholm | In progress | Kr12 billion | [201] | ||||
Relocation of Kiruna Centrum | Kiruna | In progress | 2035 (proj.) | $2.1 billion USD | [202] | |||
Turkey | Istanbul Financial Center | Istanbul | 2009 | completed | 2023 | 7.58₺ billion | [203] | |
Turkey Urban Renewal Project | Nationwide | 2012 | In progress | 2032 (proj.) | 757.84₺ billion | Fikirtepe, a neighborhood of Kadıköy has been chosen as pilot area for project. | [204][205][206][207][208] | |
United Kingdom | Big City Plan | Birmingham | 1994 | In progress | 2030s (proj.) | £12.75 billion | Redevelopment of Birmingham to escape their image of being a concrete jungle. | [citation needed] |
Battersea Power Station Redevelopment | London | 2012 | Completed | 2022 | £13.25 billion | Modernisation of a defunct coal power station into a shopping centre. | [citation needed] | |
Embassy Gardens | London | Completed | 2019 | £2.1 billion | Residential and business development district. | [citation needed] | ||
Greenwich Peninsula | London | 1990s | In progress | 2030s (proj.) | £8 billion | [citation needed] | ||
Pilgrim Street East | Newcastle upon Tyne | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | More than £400 million | [citation needed] | |||
Royal Wharf | London | 2014 | In progress | £3.1 billion | Originally slated for completion in 2020, the development was nearly finished in 2021. | [citation needed] | ||
Stratford City | London | In progress | £3.5 billion | Originally slated for completion by 2020. | [citation needed] | |||
Wembley Park | London | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | £1.1 billion | [citation needed] |
- La Défense skyscrapers in the distance behind the Eiffel Tower
- Überseequartier, one of the quarters in HafenCity
- Ensanche de Vallecas in Madrid at sunset
-
- London's Battersea Power Station was reopened as a shopping mall in 2022.
North America
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | Downtown Markham | Ontario | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $4 billion CAD | One of the many city center projects in York Region. | [citation needed] | |
Oakridge Centre Redevelopment | Vancouver | 2019 | In progress | 2028 (proj. | $5 billion CAD | This project will turn Oakridge Centre into the second largest shopping mall in British Columbia. | [209] | |
Mexico | Cancún[vague] | Quintana Roo | Completed | One of the largest tourist destinations in North America. | [citation needed] | |||
Santa Fe, Mexico City[vague] | Mexico City | Completed | [citation needed] | |||||
United States | 53 West 53 | Manhattan | 2015 | Completed | 2019 | $1.2 billion USD | A supertall, primarily residential skyscraper. A restaurant and MoMA also lease space in the building. | [210] |
Apple Park | Cupertino, California | 2014 | Completed | 2017 | More than $3 billion USD | Apple Inc.'s flagship headquarters. | [citation needed] | |
Battery Park City | Manhattan | 1970s | Completed | More than $1.4 billion USD | A mainly residential 92-acre (37 ha) planned community at the southwestern tip of the island of Manhattan, more than 1/3 of which is parkland. | [211] | ||
Hunters Point Naval Shipyard and Candlestick Park Redevelopment | Bayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco | In progress | After 2028 (proj.) | $8 billion USD | [citation needed] | |||
Blue Oval City | Stanton, Tennessee | Planned | $5.6 billion USD | Large-scale Ford electric vehicle complex that will include a vehicle assembly plant, a battery plant, supplier facilities, and battery recycling operations. | [212] | |||
BlueOval SK Battery Park | Glendale, Kentucky | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $5.8 billion USD | Large-scale battery plant that includes two plants that will produce batteries for Ford and Lincoln electric vehicles. | [212] | ||
Brickell City Centre | Brickell district, Downtown Miami | 2012 | In progress | $1.05 billion USD | A shopping and mixed-use project that will eventually include One Brickell Centre. | [citation needed] | ||
Brickell Key | Miami | Completed | More than $2 billion USD | A manmade island on reclaimed land. | [213] | |||
CityCenter | Las Vegas Strip | 2006 | Completed | 2009 | $11 billion USD | The largest privately-financed development in the United States. | [citation needed] | |
Comcast Technology Center | Philadelphia | 2014 | Completed | 2017 | $1.5 billion USD | Ninth-tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. | [citation needed] | |
Cornell Tech campus | Roosevelt Island, Manhattan | 2014 | In progress | 2037 (proj.) | $2 billion USD | A graduate campus and research center for Cornell University. The first phase opened for use in 2017. | [citation needed] | |
Encore Boston Harbor | Everett, Massachusetts | 2016 | Completed | 2019 | $2.5 billion USD | A casino resort property that is the largest single private development in state history. | [citation needed] | |
Generation Park | Houston | 2014 | In progress | More than $10 billion USD | A 4,200 acre, privately-owned and master-planned commercial development. | [214] | ||
Gigafactory 1 | Reno | 2014 | Completed | 2017 | $5 billion USD | A lithium-ion battery plant owned and operated by Tesla, Inc. | [citation needed] | |
Hollywoodland | Middletown, Ohio | - | Canceled | - | $1.3 billion USD | A massive mixed-use development expected to include a destination entertainment district and theme park. The project was cancelled in 2022. | [215] | |
Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project | West Side Yard, Manhattan | 2012 | In progress | 2027 (proj.) | $20 billion USD | A mixed-use real estate development. | [216][citation needed] | |
Lincoln Yards Project | Chicago | Stalled | $6 billion USD | Development of 55 acres of a defunct steel mill park. | [citation needed] | |||
Miami Worldcenter | Miami | In progress | $4 billion USD | A large mixed-use development over 25 acres of land. Two buildings, including the Paramount Miami Worldcenter, opened in 2019. | [citation needed] | |||
Mission Bay Redevelopment | San Francisco | In progress | $1 billion USD | [citation needed] | ||||
Pacific Park | Brooklyn | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | $8 billion USD | A mixed-use commercial and residential development project that includes Barclays Center, which opened in 2012. | [citation needed] | ||
Parkmerced | San Francisco | In progress | 2035 (proj.) | $1.35 billion USD | [citation needed] | |||
Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex | Potter Township | 2017 | $6 billion USD | An ethylene cracker plant owned by Shell Oil Company. Operations began in 2022. | [citation needed] | |||
Port Covington | Baltimore | 2019 | In progress | 2040 (proj. | $5.5 billion USD | [citation needed] | ||
Riverside South | Manhattan | 1997 | Completed | 2020 | $3 billion USD | An urban development project. | [citation needed] | |
San Francisco Transbay development | San Francisco | 2005 | In progress | 2030 (proj.) | $4.5 billion USD | This project will include a new Salesforce Transit Center. The Salesforce Tower opened in 2018. | [citation needed] | |
Sasol Ethane Cracker Complex Project | Louisiana | In progress | $11 billion USD | A large-scale ethane cracker complex. | [citation needed] | |||
San Diego State University Mission Valley | Mission Valley | In progress | 2030s (proj.) | $3.5 billion USD | An expansion of the SDSU's campus on the former site of San Diego Stadium. Snapdragon Stadium opened in 2022. | [citation needed] | ||
Treasure Island Redevelopment | San Francisco | 2016 | In progress | 2028 (proj.) | $6 billion USD | [citation needed] | ||
Tri-County Mall Redevelopment | Springdale, Ohio | Proposed | $1.3 billion USD | Redevelopment of a shopping mall into a multi-use space. | [citation needed] | |||
Vista Tower Project | Chicago | 2016 | Completed | 2020 | $1 billion USD | It is the tallest structure designed by a woman in the world. | [217] | |
Washington State Convention Center Expansion | Seattle | 2018 | Completed | 2023 | $1.6 billion USD | [citation needed] | ||
Wilshire Grand Center | Los Angeles | 2014 | Completed | 2017 | $1.2 billion USD | At 1,100 feet (0.34 km), it is the tallest building west of the Mississippi River. | [citation needed] | |
Rebuilding of the World Trade Center | Manhattan | 2006 | On hold | $32 billion USD | This was part of the recovery from the September 11 attacks. One, Three, Four, and Seven World Trade Center Towers have been completed as of 2018. | [218] |
- Verclaire Gate South in Downtown Markham, Ontario.
- Brickell Key in Miami.
- Las Vegas CityCenter, the largest set of resorts in the largest gambling center in the world.
- Panoramic shot of Battery Park City.
Oceania
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | Barangaroo Redevelopment | Sydney | 2012 | In progress | 2023 (proj.) | $6 billion | [citation needed] | |
Queen's Wharf, Brisbane | Brisbane | 2018 | In progress | 2024 (proj.) | $3 billion | Integrated resort development on the north bank of the Brisbane River. | [219] | |
Victorian Desalination Plant | Bass Coast Shire | 2009 | Completed | 2012 | $4 billion | Built to provide more drinking water to Melbourne. | [citation needed] | |
New Zealand | Christchurch Rebuild | Christchurch | 2020 (proj.) | $17 billion | Recovery from earthquakes in 2010–2011. | [citation needed] |
South America
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | Brasília | Brasília | 1956 | Completed | 1960 | $21.9 billion | At the close of the 20th century, Brasília was the largest city in the world that had not existed at the beginning of the century. | [220][221] |
Colombia | Bogotá Urban Renewal | Bogotá | In progress | $50 billion USD | Includes building over 60 skyscrapers, 500 highrises, 3 new CBDs, a subway system, and a smart city near Usaquén | [citation needed] |
Water-related
Ports, waterways, canals, and locks for ships carrying passengers and cargo are built as megaprojects.
Africa
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Egypt | New Suez Canal | Ismailia and Suez Governates | 2014 | Completed | 2015 | $8.4 billion USD | [citation needed] | |
Suez Canal | Ismailia and Suez Governates | 1859 | Completed | 1869 | $100 million (1869) | [citation needed] | ||
Ethiopia | Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam | Benishangul-Gumuz Region | 2011 | Completed | 2022 | $5 billion USD | The dam is located on the Blue Nile River. | [citation needed] |
Kenya | Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor | Lamu | Stalled | KSh $2 trillion | [citation needed] | |||
Nigeria | Badagry Deep Sea Port | Badagry | Approved | $2.3 billion USD | The project, which has been stalled for years, was most recently approved in October 2022. | [222][223][224] | ||
Lekki Port | Lekki | 2015 | Completed | 2022 | $1.65 billion USD | Phase one became operational in 2018. | [225][226] | |
Tanzania | Bagamoyo Port | Bagamoyo | 2023 (proj.) | Stalled | $10 billion USD | [citation needed] |
Asia
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | South–North Water Transfer Project | North and south China | 2003 | In progress | $79 billion USD | [227] | ||
Three Gorges Dam | Yiling District | 1994 | Completed | 2003 | $59 billion USD | [citation needed] | ||
India | Sagar Mala project | Nationwide | In progress | ₹8.5 trillion | This project includes creating six mega-ports, modernising existing ports, developing the 14 Coastal Economic Zones and Units, and enhancing port connectivity. | [228] | ||
Israel | National Water Carrier of Israel | Nationwide | 1953 | Completed | 1964 | $1.08 billion USD | [citation needed] | |
Japan | Kamaishi Tsunami Protection Breakwater | Kamaishi, Iwate | c. 1989 | Completed | 2009 | $1.5 billion USD | After three decades of development, the tsunami barrier was proven ineffective against the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. | [citation needed] |
Pakistan | Dasu Dam | Dasu | 2019 | In progress | 2015 (proj.) | $4.278 billion USD | The 242 m (794 ft) tall dam will support a 4,320 MW hydropower station, to be built in two 2,160 MW stages. | [229] |
Diamer-Bhasha Dam | Indus River | 2020 | In progress | 2028 (proj.) | $14 billion USD | [230][231] | ||
Mohmand Dam | Mohmand District | 2019 | In progress | 2028 (proj.) | $2.1 billion USD | An under-construction, multi-purpose, concrete-faced, rock-filled dam, which will generate 740 MW of hydroelectricity, irrigate 15,100 acres of land and control floods downstream. | [232] | |
Palestine | National Water Carrier of Palestine | Completed | 1956 | About $1.1 billion USD | [citation needed] | |||
Sri Lanka | Colombo Harbour Expansion Project | Colombo | 2008 | Completed | 2013 | $1.2 billion | [citation needed] |
Europe
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denmark | Energy islands of Denmark | North Sea, Baltic Sea | Approved | 2030 (proj.) | kr210 billion | Two Energy Islands will become the world's first offshore energy hubs and are estimated to initially provide 5 gigawatts of power. | [citation needed] | |
Netherlands | Delta Works | Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta area | 1954 | Completed | 1997 | ƒ22,412 billion | A series of construction projects in the southwest of the Netherlands to protect a large area of land around the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta from the sea. The project was proposed after the North Sea Flood of 1953. | [citation needed] |
Zuiderzee Works | North Sea | 1927 | Completed | 1933 | A human-made system of dams and dikes, land reclamation and water drainage work, in total the largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the 20th century. | [citation needed] | ||
Norway | Stad Ship Tunnel | Vestland | 2023 | In progress | 2026 (proj.) | kr3 billion | A planned canal and tunnel to bypass the dangerous coast of the Stad Peninsula. When built, it will be the first full-size ship tunnel in the world. | [citation needed] |
Turkey | Istanbul Canal | Istanbul | 2009 | Proposed | $10 billion | It is an artificial sea-level waterway planned to connect the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara | [233] |
North America
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | Rideau Canal | Ontario | 1826 | Completed | 1832 | £822,804 (1834) | A 202 kilometres (126 mi) waterway built to provide a secure supply and communications route between Montreal and the British naval base in Kingston. | [citation needed] |
Cuba | New Port of Mariel Development Project | Mariel | Completed | $900 million | [234] | |||
Mexico | Dos Bocas Refinery | Tabasco | Planned | [citation needed] | ||||
Port of Veracruz Expansion | Veracruz | In progress | $5 billion USD | [citation needed] | ||||
Nicaragua | Nicaragua Canal | Punta Brito-Bluefields | - | Abandoned | - | $100 billion USD (est.) | This shipping route was meant to connect the Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean. | [235] |
Panama | Panama Canal | Colón and Panamá Provinces | 1904 | Completed | 1914 | $360 million USD | [citation needed] | |
Panama Canal | Colón and Panamá Provinces | 2007 | Completed | 2016 | B/.5.25 billion | [citation needed] | ||
United States | Intracoastal Waterway | Boston-Brownsville, Texas | Completed | A 3,000-mile (4,800 km) inland waterway along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. | [citation needed] |
South America
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | Porto Maravilha | Rio de Janeiro | 1870s | Completed | 1910 | R$69.965 billion | Third-busiest port in Brazil. | [236] |
- Old and New Suez Canal
- New Panama Canal expansion project (2015).
Hospitals
Europe
Country | Project | Location | Start year | Status | End year | Cost | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ireland | New children's hospital | Dublin | 2016 | In progress | 2025 (proj.) | €2.2 billion | [237][238][239] |
See also
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External links
- Megaprojects in Dubai