Makalero
Makalero | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Native to | East Timor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Region | Timor Island, eastern end around Baucau and inland, west of Fataluku, from northern to southern coast in a dialect chain. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Native speakers | 8,000 (2017)[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Language family | Trans–New Guinea ?
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Recognised minority language in | East Timor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Language codes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISO 639-3 | mjb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Glottolog | makl1245 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() Distribution of Makalero mother-tongue speakers in East Timor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Coordinates: Makalero or Maklere is a Papuan language spoken in the Lautém district of East Timor. It was previously considered to be a dialect of Makasae, but is nowadays seen as a separate language, both by its speakers and linguists.[1] PhonologyThe data in this section are from Huber (2017).[1] VowelsMakalero has five vowel phonemes. Most long vowels occur in predictable contexts; thus Huber argues long vowels are marginal phonemes at best.
Syllables are commonly CV; some are CVC. Epenthetic vowels are often inserted between series of two consonants, and echo vowels are often added to the end of phonological phrases. ConsonantsMakalero has 11 native consonant phonemes.
GrammarAll information in this section is from Huber 2011.[2] Lexical CategoriesMakalero does not have a definitive noun/verb distinction. Nearly all content words can be heads of NPs as well as predicates. In the following examples, isit can be a predicate or a nominal. asi-atupusi 1S:POSS-belly hai NSIT nomo NEG isit ill [2]: 98
asi-atupusi hai nomo isit 1S:POSS-belly NSIT NEG ill 'my belly did not hurt anymore' Ki-isit=ee 3:POSS-ill=DEF hai NSIT k-ua-misa 3:UND-on.top:RED-go.up [2]: 98
Ki-isit=ee hai k-ua-misa 3:POSS-ill=DEF NSIT 3:UND-on.top:RED-go.up 'His illness got worse' (lit. went up on top) Content words must be bimoraic, unlike function words, which may be monomoraic. ValencyMakalero has only avalent verbs and divalent verbs. There are no trivalent verbs; instead, biclausal constructions are used. The avalent verbs are adverbial verbs such as atanana 'first,' hana’e 'a long time ago,' aire’ 'now,' kamunei 'tomorrow,' mu’it 'for a long time,' raine’ 'last night,' and tone’ 'maybe.' Divalent verbs allow for a subject and either an object or complement. In the following example, Kiloo is the subject and ani is the object. Kiloo 3S ani 1S pase beat [2]: 143
Kiloo ani pase 3S 1S beat 'He beat me' In the following example, ani is the subject and rau-rau is the complement. Ani 1S mei=ni take=LNK1 rau-rau-kena RDL-good-see:BD [2]: 143
Ani mei=ni rau-rau-kena 1S take=LNK1 RDL-good-see:BD 'I see it very well' Numerals
Notes
LNK1:linker 1 RED:reduced NSIT:new situation RDL:reduplicant BD:bound form References
External links
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