Orthetrum
Skimmers | |
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Female Orthetrum chrysostigma | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Odonata |
Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
Family: | Libellulidae |
Subfamily: | Libellulinae |
Genus: | Orthetrum Newman, 1833[1] |
Orthetrum is a large genus of dragonflies in the Libellulidae family.[2] They are commonly referred to as skimmers.
The size of adults within the genus ranges from small to large; in Africa, the hindwing ranges in length from 22 to 50 mm. The bodies of adult females and recently emerged males are yellow to brown with black markings; these may facilitate identification of individuals to species level. Mature males, however, develop blue-grey pruinosity over most of their bodies - this makes species identification difficult without the capture of a specimen and inspection of the shape of the hamule.[3]
Species
The genus Orthetrum includes the following species:[4]
Scientific name[a] | Common name | IUCN Red List Status | Distribution | Picture (Male) | Picture (Female) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orthetrum abbotti Calvert, 1892 | Abbott's skimmer | LC IUCN | Sub-Saharan Africa, Jordan and Yemen.[5] | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum africanum (Selys, 1887) | LC IUCN | Central and Western Africa[6] | |||
Orthetrum albistylum Selys, 1848 | White-tailed skimmer[7] | LC IUCN | Europe to China and Japan[8] | ![]() | |
Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845) | LC [9] | Europe, India, and northern Africa[10] | |||
Orthetrum angustiventre (Rambur, 1842) | Many-celled skimmer[11] | LC IUCN | Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and possibly Tanzania. | ||
Orthetrum austeni (Kirby, 1900) | Giant skimmer | LC IUCN[12] | Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. | ||
Orthetrum austrosundanum Lieftinck, 1953 | VU[13] | ||||
Orthetrum azureum (Rambur, 1842) | LC | Madagascar | ![]() | ![]() | |
Orthetrum balteatum Lieftinck, 1933 | Speckled skimmer[14] | NT IUCN[15] | ![]() | ||
Orthetrum borneense Kimmins, 1936 | DD IUCN | ||||
Orthetrum boumiera Watson & Arthington, 1978 | Brownwater skimmer | NT IUCN[16] | ![]() | ||
Orthetrum brachiale (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) | Tough skimmer | LC IUCN[17] | Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly São Tomé and Príncipe | ![]() | |
Orthetrum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837) | Southern skimmer | LC IUCN | Europe[18] and the range extends to Mongolia and North Africa. | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum caffrum (Burmeister, 1839) | Two-striped skimmer, white-lined skimmer | LC IUCN[19] | Angola, Cameroon, Chad, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Gambia | ![]() | |
Orthetrum caledonicum (Brauer, 1865) | Blue skimmer | LC[20] | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758) | Black-tailed skimmer | LC[21] | Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (Corsica, and mainland), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and in part of United Kingdom | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum capense Calvert, 1893 | LC | ||||
Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891) | LC | ![]() | ![]() | ||
Orthetrum chrysostigma (Burmeister, 1839) | Epaulet skimmer | LC | Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum coerulescens (Fabricius, 1798) | Keeled skimmer | LC | Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Georgia; Greece; Hungary; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Italy; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom. | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865) | Blue marsh hawk | LC IUCN[22] | tropical and subtropical Asia | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum guineense Ris, 1909 | Guinea skimmer | LC IUCN[23] | Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi | ||
Orthetrum guptai Baijal, 1955 | LC | ||||
Orthetrum helena Buchholz, 1954 | LC | ||||
Orthetrum hintzi Schmidt, 1951 | Hintz's skimmer | LC IUCN[24] | Angola, Benin, Botswana, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi | ||
Orthetrum icteromelas Ris, 1910 | Spectacled skimmer | LC IUCN[25] | Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum japonicum (Uhler, 1858) | Taiwan-shioya-tombo | LC[26] | ![]() | ![]() | |
Orthetrum julia Kirby, 1900 | Julia skimmer | LC IUCN[27] | Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Madagascar | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum kollmannspergeri Buchholz, 1959 | LC IUCN | ||||
Orthetrum kristenseni Ris, 1911 | LC IUCN | Ethiopia | |||
Orthetrum latihami Pinhey, 1966 | LC IUCN | Central Africa | |||
Orthetrum lemur Ris, 1909 | LC IUCN | ||||
Orthetrum lineostigma (Selys, 1886) | LC IUCN | ||||
Orthetrum luzonicum (Brauer, 1868) | LC IUCN | ||||
Orthetrum machadoi Longfield, 1955 | Machado's skimmer | LC IUCN[28] | Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi | ![]() | |
Orthetrum macrostigma Longfield, 1947 | LC | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, and possibly Zambia | |||
Orthetrum malgassicum Pinhey, 1970 | LC | ![]() | |||
Orthetrum martensi Asahina, 1978 | LC | ||||
Orthetrum melania (Selys, 1883) | LC | ||||
Orthetrum microstigma Ris, 1911 | LC | Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia | |||
Orthetrum migratum Lieftinck, 1951 | Rosy skimmer | LC IUCN[29] | ![]() | ![]() | |
Orthetrum monardi Schmidt, 1951 | LC | Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia | ![]() | ||
Orthetrum nitidinerve (Selys, 1841) | Yellow-veined skimmer | LC | |||
Orthetrum poecilops Ris, 1916 | Mangrove skimmer | VU[30] | |||
Orthetrum pruinosum (Burmeister, 1839) | Crimson-tailed marsh hawk | LC[31] | ![]() | ![]() | |
Orthetrum ransonnetii (Brauer, 1865) | Desert skimmer | LC | Western Sahara, Sudan, Niger, Chad, Algeria, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Oman, United Arab Emirates | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum robustum Balinsky, 1965 | Robust skimmer | LC[32] | |||
Orthetrum rubens Barnard, 1937 | Elusive skimmer | CR IUCN[33] | South Africa | ||
Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770) | Slender skimmer | LC | ![]() | ![]() | |
Orthetrum saegeri Pinhey, 1966 | LC | Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia | |||
Orthetrum sagitta Ris, 1915 | Arrow skimmer | LC[34] | Sierra Leone | ||
Orthetrum serapia Watson, 1984 | Green skimmer | LC | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum signiferum Lieftinck, 1926 | LC | ||||
Orthetrum silvarum Lieftinck, 1934 | LC | ||||
Orthetrum stemmale (Burmeister, 1839) | Stemmale skimmer | LC IUCN[35] | Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845) | Small skimmer | LC[36] | ![]() | ||
Orthetrum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839) | LC | India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[37] | ![]() | ||
Orthetrum translatum Bartenev, 1929 | LC | ||||
Orthetrum triangulare (Selys, 1878) | Blue-tailed forest hawk[38] | LC[39] | ![]() | ![]() | |
Orthetrum trinacria (Selys, 1841) | Long skimmer | LC | Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, France (Corsica), Gambia, Ghana, Italy (Sicily and Sardinia), Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi | ![]() | ![]() |
Orthetrum villosovittatum (Brauer, 1868) | Fiery skimmer | LC[40] | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Notes
- ^ A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Orthetrum.
References
- ^ Newman, Edward (1833). "Entomological notes". Entomological Magazine. 1. London: 505–514 [511] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ "Genus Orthetrum Newman, 1833". Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Biological Resources Study. 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
- ^ Dijkstra, K.-D. B. "ADDO -- African Dragonflies and Damselflies Online". www.zoology.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
- ^ Martin Schorr; Martin Lindeboom; Dennis Paulson. "World Odonata List". University of Puget Sound. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0014_0309-0317.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Orthetrum africanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T184246A8252508. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T184246A8252508.en. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ "Checklist, English common names". DragonflyPix.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
- ^ Clausnitzer, V. (2020). "Orthetrum albistylum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T158689A140578608. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T158689A140578608.en. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
- ^ Boudot, J.-P.; Schneider, W. & Samraoui, B. (2013). "Orthetrum coerulescens ssp. anceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T13186368A13186370. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T13186368A13186370.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
- ^ Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2010). "Orthetrum angustiventre". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T59949A12179210. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T59949A12179210.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
- ^ Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum austeni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
- ^ Dow, R.A.; Rachman, H.T & Kamaludin, N. (2021). "Orthetrum austrosundanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T139408998A139429993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T139408998A139429993.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ Theischinger, G.; Hawking, J. (2006). The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-09073-8.
- ^ Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum balteatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T163903A87528450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T163903A87528450.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- ^ Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum boumiera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T87535148A87540029. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T87535148A87540029.en.
- ^ Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2009). "Orthetrum brachiale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
- ^ "Orthetrum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837) | Fauna Europaea". Fauna-eu.org. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ Suhling, F. & Clausnitzer, V. (2008). "Orthetrum caffrum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
- ^ Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum caledonicum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T83369732A83383908. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T83369732A83383908.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- ^ Mitra, A. (2020). "Orthetrum cancellatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T165521A140593008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T165521A140593008.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ Dow, R.A. (2009). "Orthetrum glaucum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T163780A5650496. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T163780A5650496.en.
- ^ Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum guineense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
- ^ Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum hintzi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
- ^ Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum icteromelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
- ^ Subramanian, K.A (2010). "Orthetrum japonicum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T167357A6333755. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T167357A6333755.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum julia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
- ^ Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum machadoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
- ^ Hawking, J. (2009). "Orthetrum migratum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T163524A5611321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T163524A5611321.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- ^ Wilson, K. D. P. (2009). "Orthetrum poecilops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T60302A12340184. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T60302A12340184.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
- ^ Sharma, G. (2010). "Orthetrum pruinosum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T167097A6301540. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T167097A6301540.en.
- ^ Suhling, F. (2010). "Orthetrum robustum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T63204A12629389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T63204A12629389.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
- ^ Samways, M.J. (2007). "Orthetrum rubens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
- ^ Clausnitzer, V. & Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Orthetrum sagitta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T169242A6596337. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T169242A6596337.en. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
- ^ Clausnitzer, V.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. & Suhling, F. (2009). "Orthetrum stemmale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
- ^ Mitra, A. (2013). "Orthetrum taeniolatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T165506A17533964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T165506A17533964.en. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Wilson, K.D.P. (2011). "Orthetrum testaceum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T167384A6339264. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T167384A6339264.en. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Subramanian, K. A. (2005). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India (PDF).
- ^ Dow, R.A. (2010). "Orthetrum triangulare". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T167098A6301833. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T167098A6301833.en. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ Dow, R.A. (2017). "Orthetrum villosovittatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T83369839A83383913. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T83369839A83383913.en. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
External links
Media related to Orthetrum at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Orthetrum at Wikispecies