Pulse wave
A pulse wave or pulse train or rectangular wave is a non-sinusoidal waveform that is the periodic version of the rectangular function. It is held high a percent each cycle (period) called the duty cycle and for the remainder of each cycle is low. A duty cycle of 50% produces a square wave, a specific case of a rectangular wave. The average level of a rectangular wave is also given by the duty cycle.
The pulse wave is used as a basis for other waveforms that modulate an aspect of the pulse wave, for instance:
- Pulse-width modulation (PWM) refers to methods that encode information by varying the duty cycle of a pulse wave.
- Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) refers to methods that encode information by varying the amplitude of a pulse wave.
Frequency-domain representation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pulse_wave_33.33_percent_Fourier_series_50_harmonics.png/200px-Pulse_wave_33.33_percent_Fourier_series_50_harmonics.png)
The Fourier series expansion for a rectangular pulse wave with period , amplitude and pulse length is[1]
where .
Equivalently, if duty cycle is used, and :
Note that, for symmetry, the starting time () in this expansion is halfway through the first pulse.
Alternatively, can be written using the Sinc function, using the definition , as or with as
Generation
A pulse wave can be created by subtracting a sawtooth wave from a phase-shifted version of itself. If the sawtooth waves are bandlimited, the resulting pulse wave is bandlimited, too.
Applications
The harmonic spectrum of a pulse wave is determined by the duty cycle.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Acoustically, the rectangular wave has been described variously as having a narrow[10]/thin,[11][3][4][12][13] nasal[11][3][4][10]/buzzy[13]/biting,[12] clear,[2] resonant,[2] rich,[3][13] round[3][13] and bright[13] sound. Pulse waves are used in many Steve Winwood songs, such as "While You See a Chance".[10]
See also
References
- ^ Smith, Steven W. The Scientist & Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing ISBN 978-0966017632
- ^ a b c Holmes, Thom (2015). Electronic and Experimental Music, p.230. Routledge. ISBN 9781317410232.
- ^ a b c d e Souvignier, Todd (2003). Loops and Grooves, p.12. Hal Leonard. ISBN 9780634048135.
- ^ a b c Cann, Simon (2011). How to Make a Noise, [unpaginated]. BookBaby. ISBN 9780955495540.
- ^ Pejrolo, Andrea and Metcalfe, Scott B. (2017). Creating Sounds from Scratch, p.56. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199921881.
- ^ Snoman, Rick (2013). Dance Music Manual, p.11. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136115745.
- ^ Skiadas, Christos H. and Skiadas, Charilaos; eds. (2017). Handbook of Applications of Chaos Theory, [unpaginated]. CRC Press. ISBN 9781315356549.
- ^ "Electronic Music Interactive: 14. Square and Rectangle Waves", UOregon.edu.
- ^ Hartmann, William M. (2004). Signals, Sound, and Sensation, p.109. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781563962837.
- ^ a b c Kovarsky, Jerry (Jan 15, 2015). "Synth Soloing in the Style of Steve Winwood". KeyboardMag.com. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
- ^ a b Reid, Gordon (February 2000). "Synth Secrets: Modulation", SoundOnSound.com. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
- ^ a b Aikin, Jim (2004). Power Tools for Synthesizer Programming, p.55-56. Hal Leonard. ISBN 9781617745089.
- ^ a b c d e Hurtig, Brent (1988). Synthesizer Basics, p.23. Hal Leonard. ISBN 9780881887143.