Red hind
Red hind | |
---|---|
Conservation status | |
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Perciformes |
Family: | Serranidae |
Subfamily: | Epinephelinae |
Genus: | Epinephelus |
Species: | E. guttatus |
Binomial name | |
Epinephelus guttatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Synonyms[2] | |
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The red hind (Epinephelus guttatus), also known as the koon or lucky grouper in Caribbean vernacular, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is native to the western Atlantic Ocean where it ranges from the eastern United States to Brazil. It is the most common species of Epinephelus in the Caribbean.
Description
The red hind has a robust, compressed body which is deepest at the origin of the dorsal fin,[3] the standard length being 2.7 to 3.1 times the depth.[4] The gill cover has three flat spines on its margin.[3] The preopercle has a finely serrated margin and protrudes slightly near its lower edge.[4] The dorsal fin contains 11 spines and 15-16 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8 soft rays.[2] It has a slightly convex tail.[3] This species is greenish grey to light brown on its upper body fading to white on the lower body, with many well-spaced dull orange-red to brown spots covering the head, body and fins. There are five indistinct oblique bars made up of darker spots on the flanks. This species attains a maximum total length of 76 centimetres (30 in), although they are more commonly around 40 centimetres (16 in) in length, and the maximum published weight is 22 kilograms (49 lb).[2]
Distribution
The red hind is found in the Western Atlantic. Its range extends from Bermuda and North Carolina and along the eastern coast of the United States into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Its range is said to extend south as far as Brazil but there are no confirmed records from south of Venezuela.[1]
Habitat and biology
Red hinds inhabit coral reefs and rocky bottoms, the females remain close to the bottom, while the males patrol and defend an area from other males overlapping the home ranges of one to five female.[1] Mantis shrimps make up over 15 percent of their diet. Crabs are the most common item on their diet, and fishes like Bluehead Wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum; Boga, Inermia vittata; goatfishes and small morays are included. Although they prefer shrimps and octopuses.[5]
Red Hind are protogynous hermaphrodites, changing from females to males during a stage in their life cycle. What triggers the change is unknown. In Puerto Rico, the fish gather in or near familiar spawning grounds along sections of the insular shelf during a one to two week period in association with the lunar cycles of January and February. In 1992, a tagged Red Hind traveled more than ten miles, crossing over water 600 feet deep, bypassing other aggregations, to spawn at a particular site. Not much is known about the species' early life stages. Though, on rare occasions, one to two inch juveniles are sighted sneaking about near cover on patch reefs in moderate depths. Most adults live for ten to eleven years.[5]
Taxonomy
The red hind was first formally described as Perca guttata by Carolus Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758.[6]
Utilisation
The red hind is one of the most valuable commercial species in the Caribbean in terms of the numbers and total weight of landings. It is caught with spears, hook and line and traps.[4] It is an esteemed food fish and, among other grouper species, it is exported from Mexico to the United States. It is also valued by recreational fisheries.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d Brule, T. (2018). "Epinephelus guttatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T132770A46917106. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T132770A46917106.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Epinephelus guttatus". FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ a b c "Species: Epinephelus guttatus, Red hind". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information system. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ a b c Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. pp. 161–162. ISBN 92-5-103125-8.
- ^ a b Deloach, N. & Humann, P. (2007). Reef Fish Behavior: Florida Caribbean Bahamas. Jacksonville, FL: New World Publications, Inc. pp. 247–248. ISBN 978-1878348289.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Perca guttata". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
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- v
- t
- e
- Alphestes afer
- Alphestes immaculatus
- Alphestes multiguttatus
- Rusty hind (C. aitha)
- Blue-Spotted Grouper (C. argus)
- Golden hind (C. aurantia)
- Chocolate hind (C. boenak)
- Graysby (C. cruentata)
- Bluespotted hind (C. cyanostigma)
- Bluelined hind (C. formosa)
- Coney (C. fulva)
- Yellowfin hind (C. hemistiktos)
- Neptune grouper (C. igarashiensis)
- Leopard grouper (C. leopardus)
- Freckled hind (C. microprion)
- Vermillion seabass (C. miniata)
- Niger hind (C. nigri)
- Vermilion hind (C. oligosticta)
- Pacific Graysby (C. panamensis)
- (C. polleni)
- Cephalopholis polyspila
- Six-blotch hind (C. sexmaculata)
- Tomato hind (C. sonnerati)
- Strawberry grouper (C. spiloparaea)
- Blue Spotted Sea Bass | (C. taeniops)
- Darkfin hind (C. urodeta)
- marbled grouper (D. inermis)
- smooth grouper (D. striolata)
- Areolate grouper (E. areolatus)
- Atlantic goliath grouper (E. itajara)
- Banded grouper (E. amblycephalus)
- Barred-chest grouper (E. faveatus)
- Black-dotted grouper (E. stictus)
- Blacksaddle grouper (E. howlandi)
- Blacktip grouper (E. fasciatus)
- Blue and yellow grouper (E. flavocaeruleus)
- Bridled grouper (E. heniochus)
- Brown-marbled grouper (E. fuscoguttatus)
- Brownspotted grouper (E. chlorostigma)
- Camouflage grouper (E. polyphekadion)
- Catface grouper (E. andersoni)
- Clipperton grouper (E. clippertonensis)
- Cloudy grouper (E. erythrurus)
- Comet grouper (E. morrhua)
- Coral grouper (E. corallicola)
- Dogtooth grouper (E. caninus)
- Dot-dash grouper (E. poecilonotus)
- Dotted grouper (E. epistictus)
- Dungat grouper (E. goreensis)
- Dusky grouper (E. marginatus)
- Duskytail grouper (E. bleekeri)
- Epaulet grouper (E. stoliczkae)
- Foursaddle grouper (E. spilotoceps)
- Giant grouper (E. lanceolatus)
- Goldblotch grouper (E. costae)
- Greasy grouper (E. tauvina)
- Halfmoon grouper (E. rivulatus)
- Highfin grouper (E. maculatus)
- Honeycomb grouper (E. merra)
- Hong Kong grouper (E. akaara)
- Longfin grouper (E. quoyanus)
- Longspine grouper (E. longispinis)
- Longtooth grouper (E. bruneus)
- Malabar grouper (E. malabaricus)
- Maori grouper (E. undulatostriatus)
- Marquesan grouper (E. irroratus)
- Moustache grouper (E. chabaudi)
- Multispotted grouper (E. gabriellae)
- Mystery grouper (E. lebretonianus)
- Nassau grouper (E. striatus)
- Netfin grouper (E. miliaris)
- Oblique-banded grouper (E. radiatus)
- Olive grouper (E. cifuentesi)
- One-blotch grouper (E. melanostigma)
- Orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides)
- Pacific Goliath grouper (E. quinquefasciatus)
- Palemargin grouper (E. bontoides)
- Plump grouper (E. trophis)
- Potato grouper (E. tukula)
- Red grouper (E. morio)
- Red hind (E. guttatus)
- Red-tipped grouper (E. retouti)
- Reticulate grouper (E. tuamotuensis)
- Rock grouper (E. fasciatomaculosus)
- Rock hind (E. adscensionis)
- Saddletail grouper (E. daemelii)
- Seamount grouper (E. suborbitalis)
- Sixbar grouper (E. sexfasciatus)
- Smallscaled grouper (E. polylepis)
- Snubnose grouper (E. macrospilos)
- Somali grouper (E. indistinctus)
- Speckled blue grouper (E. cyanopodus)
- Speckled grouper (E. magniscuttis)
- Speckled hind (E. drummondhayi)
- Spinycheek grouper (E. diacanthus)
- Spotted grouper (E. analogus)
- Starry grouper (E. labriformis)
- Starspotted grouper (E. hexagonatus)
- Striped grouper (E. latifasciatus)
- Striped-fin grouper (E. posteli)
- Summan grouper (E. summana)
- Surge grouper (E. socialis)
- Threespot grouper (E. trimaculatus)
- Tonga grouper (E. chlorocephalus)
- Twinspot grouper (E. bilobatus)
- Wavy-lined grouper (E. undulosus)
- White grouper (E. aeneus)
- White-blotched grouper (E. multinotatus)
- White-dotted grouper (E. polystigma)
- White-edged grouper (E. albomarginatus)
- Whitespotted grouper (E. coeruleopunctatus)
- White-streaked grouper (E. ongus)
- Yellow grouper (E. awoara)
- Yellowspotted grouper (E. timorensis)
- Hyporthodus acanthistius (Rooster hind)
- Hyporthodus darwinensis (Darwin grouper)
- Hyporthodus ergastularius (Sevenbar grouper)
- Hyporthodus exsul (Tenspine grouper)
- Hyporthodus flavolimbatus (Yellowedge grouper)
- Hyporthodus haifensis (Haifa grouper)
- Hyporthodus mystacinus (Misty grouper)
- Hyporthodus nigritus (Warsaw grouper)
- Hyporthodus niphobles (Star-studded grouper)
- Hyporthodus niveatus (Snowy grouper)
- Hyporthodus octofasciatus (Eightbar grouper)
- Hyporthodus perplexus (Puzzling grouper)
- Hyporthodus quernus (Hawaiian grouper)
- Hyporthodus septemfasciatus (Convict grouper)
- Black grouper (M. bonaci)
- Venezuelan grouper (M. cidi)
- Gulf grouper (M. jordani)
- Gag grouper (M. microlepis)
- Sailfin grouper (M. olfax)
- Sawtail grouper (M. prionura)
- Leopard grouper (M. rosacea)
- Mottled grouper (M. rubra)
- Tiger grouper (M. tigris)
- Broomtail grouper (M. xenarcha)
- Yellowfin grouper (M. venenosa)
- Scamp grouper (M. phenax)
- Yellowmouth grouper (M. interstitialis)
- Pacific creole-fish (P. colonus)
- Creole-fish (P. furcifer )
- Plectropomus areolatus
- Plectropomus laevis
- Plectropomus leopardus
- Plectropomus maculatus
- Plectropomus oligacanthus
- Plectropomus pessuliferus
- Plectropomus punctatus
External links
- Photos of Red hind on Sealife Collection