Vagla language
Gur language spoken in Ghana
| Vagla | |
|---|---|
| Region | Ghana |
Native speakers | 14,000 (2003)[1] (may include speakers of Siti) |
Language family | Niger–Congo?
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | vag |
| Glottolog | vagl1239 Vagla |
Vagla is a Gurunsi (Gur) language of Ghana with about 14,000 speakers. It is spoken in a number of communities around the western area of Northern Region, Ghana. Such communities includes: Bole, Sawla, Tuna, Soma, Gentilpe, and Nakwabi. The people who speak this language are known as Vaglas, one of the indigenous tribes around that part of the Northern Region, which were brought under the Gonja local administration system "Gonjaland" by British Colonial Rulers under their Centralised System of Governance.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial- velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | kp | |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | gb | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋm | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | z | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | (ʌ) | ɔ |
| Open | a |
- Blench uses /ʌ/, which is described as a -ATR counterpart of /a/.[3]
- All vowels can be long or short. Two similar vowels are not treated as a long vowel due to tone patterns.[4]
Tones
Vagla has four tones: rising, falling, and two level tones. It also has downstep.Nasals and laterals can also carry tones.[4]
Orthography
Vagla uses ⟨i⟩ to represent both /i/ and /ɪ/, and it uses ⟨u⟩ to represent /u/ and /ʊ/.[4]
Nasalization is represented by a following ⟨h⟩, e.g., sɛɛ 'to agree' and sɛɛh 'to carve'.[4]
Notes
- ^ Vagla at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Blench 2003, p. 18.
- ^ Blench 2003, p. 18, citing Crouch & Naden 1998.
- ^ a b c d Blench 2003, p. 19.
References
- Blench, Roger (2003). "Plural verb morphology in Vagla" (PDF). Cahiers Voltaïques. 6: 17–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- Crouch, Marjory; Naden, Anthony (1998). "A semantically-based grammar of Vagla". Gur Papers (Special issue I). Bayreuth: University of Bayreuth. OCLC 174505065.
Further reading
- Crouch, Marjory (1985). "A note on syllable and tone in Vagla verbs". Journal of West African Languages. 15 (2): 29–40.
- Crouch, Marjory; Herbert, Patricia (1982). Vagla English/English Vagla Dictionary. Tamale: GILBTT. OCLC 10071447.
- Crouch, Marjory; Smiles, Nancy (1966). Phonology of Vagla. Collected Language Notes. Vol. 4. Legon: Institute of African Studies.
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| Mande | |
| Others |
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