West Spring Gun
West Spring Gun | |
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Type | Catapult |
Place of origin | United Kingdom |
Service history | |
In service | 1915–1916 |
Used by | United Kingdom Canada Australia |
Wars | World War I |
Production history | |
Designer | Captain Allen West |
Designed | 1915 |
Manufacturer | Reason Manufacturing Company |
Produced | 1915-1916 |
Specifications | |
Mass | 284 lb (129 kg) |
Length | 71.5 in (182 cm) |
Width | 18.5 in (47 cm) |
Height | 88 in (220 cm) |
Crew | 5 |
Effective firing range | 240 yd (220 m) |
The West Spring Gun was a bomb-throwing catapult used by British, Canadian and Australian forces during World War I. It was designed to throw a hand grenade in a high trajectory into enemy trenches.
Description
It consisted of a metal frame supporting a throwing arm powered by 24 metal springs.[1] It was invented by Captain Allen West in 1915 and manufactured by the Reason Manufacturing Company of Brighton, which was granted a patent for the device on 19 October of that year.[1][2] Although called a catapult, it was a hybrid of a ballista and a trebuchet. It required a crew of five - three to compress the springs, one to load the bomb, and one to fire as soon as the fuse was lit or the grenade pin was pulled.[3]
In tests, it could throw Mills bomb about 240 yd (220 m) or a 7 lb (3.2 kg) projectile about 80 yd (73 m) with a flight time of 6 or 7 seconds.[4] In the field it generally threw a Jam Tin Grenade, No. 15 Ball grenade, No. 21 "Spherical" grenade or No. 28 chemical grenade, equipped with a slightly longer fuse (typically 9 seconds) to ensure to reach the enemy trench before exploding.[2] It was used in combat by, amongst others, the 50th (Northumbrian) Division and the 1st Canadian Division in the Second Battle of Ypres and by Australian forces in the Gallipoli Campaign.[2][5] It was generally considered to be large and cumbersome and "generally more unwieldy" than the Leach Trench Catapult.[4] Many operators, including Captain West himself, lost fingers in the mechanism.[1] The throw could also be unpredictable, with the bomb sometimes landing near the thrower.[6]
Production of this and other trench catapults was officially halted in 1916, being replaced by the 2 inch Medium Trench Mortar and Stokes mortar.[7]
Ammunition
- No 21 R grenade
References
- ^ a b c Gary Sheffield (2007). War on the Western Front: In the Trenches of World War I. Osprey Publishing. p. 201. ISBN 978-1846032103.
- ^ a b c Anthony Saunders (1999). Weapons of the Trench War: 1914-1918. Sutton. p. 65. ISBN 978-0750918183.
- ^ Clifford Almon Wells (1917). From Montreal to Vimy Ridge and beyond: the correspondence of Lieut. Clifford Almon Wells, B.A., of the 8th battalion, Canadians, B.e.f., November, 1915-April, 1917. George H. Doran company. p. 87.
- ^ a b The Royal Engineers Journal. 39: 79. 1925.
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(help) - ^ Kenneth Radley (2006). We lead, others follow: First Canadian Division, 1914-1918. Vanwell. p. 120. ISBN 978-1551251004.
- ^ "Grenade, West Spring Gun, No 21 R Type". Imperial War Museum.
- ^ Hugh Chisholm (1922). The Encyclopædia Britannica: Volume 22; page 470 volume 30.4 "Bombthrowers" 1922 Edition, Volume 1. Encyclopædia Britannica Company Limited. p. 470. This article is unpublished
External links
- No 21 R Type grenade for the West Spring Gun at the Imperial War Museum.
- West Spring Gun (missing its launch arm) at the Australian War Memorial.
- v
- t
- e
- No. 1
- No. 2 Hales Pattern
- Nos. 3, 20, 24, 35 Hales rifle grenades
- Nos. 5, 23, 36 Mills
- No. 6
- Nos. 8, 9 Jam Tin
- No. 13 Battye
- No. 14 Pitcher
- No. 15 Ball
- No. 16 Oval
- No. 17 Opera hat
- No. 18
- No. 19
- No. 21 "Spherical"
- No. 22 Newton-Pippin
- No. 25 Sangster
- No. 27
- No. 28 Chemical
- No. 29 Gas
- No. 31 Day Signal
- No. 32 Night Signal
- No. 32 "Spherical E"
- No. 34 Egg
- No. 37
- No. 39 Steuart Pattern
- Leach trench catapult
- West Spring Gun
- Sauterelle