Yoy language
Yoy | |
---|---|
Native to | Thailand, Laos |
Native speakers | (6,000 cited 1990–1995)[1] |
Language family | Kra–Dai
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | yoy |
Glottolog | yoyy1238 |
Yoy is a Tai language of Thailand and Laos. The Yoy language is now in the critical endangered state due to a rapid language shift, which may eventually lead to complete language loss.[3]
Phonology
The phonology of Yoy, according to Phakkahn (2017).[3]
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Stop | Voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
Aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
Voiced | b | d | ||||
Affricate | tɕ | |||||
Fricative | s | h | ||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Only /p t k ʔ m n ŋ j w/ occur in word-final position. Yoy also has six initial consonant clusters which are /tw-/, /kw-/, /kʰw-/, /sw-/, /hw-/, and /bw-/.
Some words show alternate pronunciations between the initial syllable consonants:
- /jaːk⁵/ ~ /ɲaːk⁵/ to want
- /jaːw²/ ~ /ɲaːw²/ long
- /joːj⁴/ ~ /ɲoːj⁴/ Yoy
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
unr. | rnd. | ||||
Diphthongs | ia | aɯ | ɯa | ua | |
Monophthongs | Close | i, iː | ɯ, ɯː | u, uː | |
Close-mid | e, eː | ɤ, ɤː | o, oː | ||
Open-mid | æ, æː | ɔ, ɔː | |||
Open | a, aː |
Yoy has two different phonemic vowel lengths. There are nine short vowels and nine long vowels. In the word-final open syllables, there is no contrast between short and long vowels, but in closed syllables and non-final open syllables, short and long vowels are distinctive.[3]
Tones
Yoy has five phonologically distinctive tones in non-checked syllables.[what are they?] Checked syllables in Yoy can carry only tone 1 (mid-leveled tone), tone 2 (high-rising tone), and tone 5 (low-falling creaky).[3]
Vocabulary
Numerals
English | Yoy |
---|---|
one | nɯŋ¹ |
two | sɔːŋ³ |
three | saːm³ |
four | siː⁵ |
five | haː⁵ |
six | hok² |
seven | tɕet² |
eight | pæːt⁵ |
nine | kaw¹ |
ten | sip² |
hundred | hoːj⁴ |
thousand | pʰan² |
Verbs
English | Yoy |
---|---|
to go | paj³ |
to open | pɤːt⁵ |
to dream | pʰan³ |
to fall | tok² |
to wash (clothes) | top² |
to die | taj³ |
to wait | tʰaː⁵ |
to bite | kat² |
to ask | tʰaːm³ |
to think | kʰɯt⁴ |
to throw | kʰwæŋ⁵ |
to smell | dom³ |
to burn | ʔuːt⁵ |
to sit | mep⁵ |
to like | mak⁵ |
to smile | ɲiːm⁴ |
to want | ɲaːk⁵ |
to eat | kin² |
to do | het¹ |
to teach | sɔːn³ |
to run | læn⁴ |
to play | lin⁵ |
Nouns
English | Yoy |
---|---|
eye | taː³ |
sun | ta¹ wen² |
sky | tʰɔŋ⁴ pʰaː⁵ |
milk | tu² |
skin | kʰiːŋ² |
fire | pʰaj² |
mountain | pʰu¹ kʰaw³ |
fish | paː³ |
wood | pæn⁴ |
tree | kok¹ maj¹ |
tooth | kʰæːw⁵ |
leg | kʰaː³ |
chin | kʰaːŋ² |
egg | kʰaj² |
people | kʰon² |
rice | kʰaːw⁵ |
leaf | baɯʔ³ |
soil | din³ |
water | naːm⁴ |
cloud | mek¹ |
dog | maː³ |
bird | nok⁵ |
blood | lɯat¹ |
Adjectives
English | Yoy |
---|---|
far | kaj³ |
near, short (distance) | kaɯ⁴ |
old | kaw¹ |
new | maj⁵ |
good | diː³ |
fat | pʰiː² |
beautiful | tɕop² |
red | dæŋ³ |
black | dam³ |
white | kʰaːw⁵ |
soft | ʔon⁵ |
stupid | pɯk² |
wet | ʔɯn³ |
dry | hæŋ⁵ |
big | ɲaɯ² |
few | noj⁵ |
References
- ^ Yoy at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Pittayaporn classified Yoy as Southwestern Tai, but does not provide supporting analysis.
- ^ a b c d Phakkahn, Naiyapak (2017). Phonology and Grammar Sketch of Yoy (Master of Arts thesis). California State University, Long Beach.
- v
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languages
Austroasiatic |
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Hmong–Mien | |||||||||||
Sino-Tibetan | |||||||||||
Kra–Dai |
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