最近のいくつかの再評価では、シュンガ時代からバールフットを切り離し、むしろ仏塔を西暦1世紀の物とする傾向がある。それは、より年代のはっきりしたマトゥラー美術(英語: Art of Mathura)との芸術的類似性と、伝統的な古文書学の示唆によってバールフット碑文(特にダナブーティ碑文(英語: Dhanabhuti))の古さが問題視された事とに基づいている。[9][10]
この物語は、カルラエ司教のアルケラウス(英語: Archelaus (bishop of Carrhae))(西暦278年)と聖ヒエロニムス(西暦4世紀)の両方が仏陀の名前に言及してその処女降誕の伝統を語っている事で、西洋の世界でも知られていた。[40]この処女降誕の伝説は、仏教がキリスト教に影響を与えた(英語: Buddhism and the Roman world)ことを示唆している。[41]
他のギリシア風の外国人が、ギリシアの服を着てカーニクス(英語: carnyx)と葦のフルート(英語: Musical system of ancient Greece#External links)を吹くのをサーンチーの仏塔から知ることができる。バールフト・ヤヴァナ(英語: Bharhut Yavana)。ギリシア人(正確にはインド・ギリシア人)は、明らかにこの時代のインド中央部の人々に知られており、"ヤヴァナス(英語: Yavanas)"と呼ばれていた。ここでは、ギリシアの戦士が仁王の役割に選任されている。彼の髪型(短い巻き毛に、ギリシアの王室のヘッドバンドを付けている)、チュニック、ブーツも、その証拠である。彼が右手で持っているブドウの木は、彼の生まれの象徴となっている。彼の幅広の剣の鞘には、仏教の象徴であるナンディパダ(英語: nandipada)[48]が飾り付けられている。[49][36]浮彫りの上に碑文があって、バールフット南西四半部の柵の柱の「碑文55」と分類されており、[50]ブラーフミー文字で書かれていて、左から右に読む:
^ abLe, Huu Phuoc (2010) (英語). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. p. 161. ISBN 9780984404308. https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA161
^Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007) (英語). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 11. ISBN 9789004155374. https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA11
^ abcdefghiLe, Huu Phuoc (2010) (英語). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. p. 161. ISBN 9780984404308. https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA161
^Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000 p.18
^ abcdKumar, Ajit (2014). “Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association” (英語). Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology2: 230. https://www.academia.edu/10237709.
^Report Of A Tour In The Central Provinces Vol-ix, Alexander Cunningham, 1879 p.2–4
^Buddhist Sanskrit inscription slab from about the 10th century A.D., (?)Bharhut, The British Library, 26 March 2009
^Report Of A Tour In The Central Provinces In 1873–74 And 1874–75 Volume Ix, Cunningham, Alexander, 1879, p. 38
^Kumar, Ajit (2014). “Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association” (英語). Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology2: 223–241. https://www.academia.edu/10237709.
^Muzio, Ciro Lo (2018). Problems of chronology in Gandharan art. On the relationship between Gandhāran toilet-trays and the early Buddhist art of northern India. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology. pp. 123-134. https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt
^Marshall, John (1918). “An Historical and Artistic Description of Sanchi (pp. 7–29)”. A Guide to Sanchi. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing. p. 11. http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&PageID=87530229 September 2014閲覧。
^ ab“Bharhut Gallery”. INC-ICOM Galleries. Indian National Committee of the International Council of Museums. 3 March 2016時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。29 September 2014閲覧。
^Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE by Patrick Olivelle [1]
^Salomon, Richard (1998) (英語). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA141
^Luders, H. (1963). CORPUS INSCRIPTIONS INDICARUM VOL II PART II. India Archaeological Society. p. 11. https://archive.org/details/corpusinscriptio014676mbp
^The Stupa of Bharhut, Alexander Cunningham, p.128
^ abcQuintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007) (英語). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9789004155374. https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA8
^ abQuintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007) (英語). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 13. ISBN 9789004155374. https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA13
^ abcdThe Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, Princeton University Press, p.115
^ abcdef"These little balusters are of considerable interest, as their sculptured statues are much superior in artistic design and execution to those of the railing pillars. They are further remarkable in having Arian letters engraved on their bases or capitals, a peculiarity which points unmistakably to the employment of Western artists, and which fully accounts for the superiority of their execution. The letters found are p, s, a, and b, of which the first three occur twice. Now, if the same sculptors had been employed on the railings, we might confidently expect to find the same alphabetical letters used as private marks. But the fact is just the reverse, for the whole of the 27 marks found on any portions of the railing are Indian letters. The only conclusion that I can come to from these facts is that the foreign artists who were employed on the sculptures of the gateways were certainly not engaged on any part of the railing. I conclude, therefore, that the Raja of en:Shungas, the donor of the gateways, must have sent his own party of workmen to make them, while the smaller gifts of pillars and rails were executed by the local artists." in The stūpa of Bharhut: a Buddhist monument ornamented with numerous sculptures illustrative of Buddhist legend and history in the third century B. C, by Alexander Cunningham p. 8 (Public Domain)
^ abcdThe Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996, pp. 17–18 Note 3
^ abBuddhist Architecture by Huu Phuoc Le p.161
^"When these alphabets were first deciphered, scholars gave them different names such as 'Indian-Pali' for Brahmi and 'Arian-Pali' for Kharosthi, but these terms are no longer in use." in Upāsaka, Sī Esa; Mahāvihāra, Nava Nālandā (2002) (英語). History of palæography of Mauryan Brāhmī script. Nava Nālanda Mahāvihāra. p. 6. ISBN 9788188242047. https://books.google.com/books?id=P19jAAAAMAAJ
^"There is evidence of Hellensitic sculptors being in touch with Sanchi and Bharhut" in The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996, p.9
^ abcBuddhist Architecture Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 p.149ff
^Cunningham, Sir Alexander (1879). The Stûpa of Bharhut: a Buddhist monument ornamented with numerous sculptures illustrative of Buddhist legend and history in the third century B.C.. London: W. H. Allen
^Early Buddhist Narrative Art by Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky p.16
^Early Byzantine Churches in Macedonia & Southern Serbia by R.F. Hoddinott p.17
^The East: Buddhists, Hindus and the Sons of Heaven, Architecture in context II, Routledge, 2015, by Christopher Tadgell p.24
^“The Art of Buddhism”. The en:Freer Gallery of Art and en:Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Smithsonian Institution (2008年). 29 September 2014閲覧。
^ ab"The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, 1993, p.112
^ abLuders, H.; Waldschmidt, E.; Mehendale, M. A., eds (1963). “Bharhut Inscriptions”. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. II. en:Ootacamund: en:Archaeological Survey of India
^"There is evidence of Hellenesitic sculptors being in touch with Sanchi and Bharhut" in The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996, p.9
^ abMahâbodhi, Cunningham p.4ff Public Domain text
^Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of Rome, H. G. Rawlinson Uppal Publishing House, 1992, p.142
^The Shape of Ancient Thought, Mc Evilley, Allworth Press, 2001, p.391
^A Guide to Sanchi, John Marshall p.50ff Public Domain text
^【注:このrefはいずれノートに記述し直すための覚書です】"元記事(英文)の出典とされるカニンガムの著書には、この文はなく、英訳も発言者の取り方がおかしいため、南伝大蔵経第4巻律蔵273ページとパーリ三蔵の律蔵第2巻、犍度、小品、164ページ((C) Copyright the Pali Text Society and the Dhammakaya Foundation, 2015, CC BY-SA)を参考にして 書き換えた。"
^"The Goddess Lakshmi in Buddhist Art: The goddess of abundance and fortune, Sri Lakshmi, reflected the accumulated wealth and financial independence of the Buddhist monasteries. Her image became one of the popular visual themes carved on their monuments" in Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths, Meanings, and Models, Madhu Bazaz Wangu, Abhinav Publications, 2003, p. 57 [3]
^ abcAlexander Cunningham, Great Britain India Office (1879) (英語). The Stûpa of Bharhut: A Buddhist Monument Ornamented with Numerous .... W.H. Allen and Co.. p. [4]. https://archive.org/details/stpabharhutabud00offigoog
^ abJohnston, William M. (2013) (英語). Encyclopedia of Monasticism. Routledge. p. 643. ISBN 978-1-136-78716-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=iepJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA643
^Buddhist stupas of Gupta period unearthed, Indian Express, June 17, 1999