共産主義国家

現存の共産国たちを全称で表示すると、中華人民共和国朝鮮民主主義人民共和国ベトナム社会主義共和国キューバ共和国ラオス人民民主共和国である。

共産主義国家(きょうさんしゅぎこっか、英語: Communist state/ Marxist–Leninist state)とは、マルクス・レーニン主義の理想に忠実に従っていると主張する国々のことを指す。

日本語では共産主義国共産国家共産党政権とも訳される。

概要

現存している共産主義国家は中国北朝鮮ベトナムキューバラオスなどの5か国のみである[1][2][3]。共産独裁の体制はかつてソ連コミンテルン経相会ワルシャワ条約機構の参加国などに実行されていて、ソ連がもっとも国力を持っていた時期には、地球上の多くの国が共産主義の路線を選んでいた[4]。20世紀の後半までには世界の約1/3の人口が共産主義国家に住んでいた[5]1989年東欧民主化1991年ソ連崩壊により、大半の共産国家は自滅してしまい、現代までに生き残っているのは上述の五か国だけである。

国家の権力はすべて与党に集中しているのが特徴であり、一般的にこれらの国の与党は、共産党や、マルクス・レーニン主義から派生した毛沢東主義ティトー主義などを支持する政党となっている[6]。そしてベトナムのように、共産党の権力はそんなに強いわけでは無く、共産の体制を維持しながらも民主選挙を行い、工場委員会や労働組合など労働者にとって有利な組織が許可されている場合もある[7]

共産主義国家 (Communist state)という用語は、西側諸国の歴史学者・政治学者、メディアによって使用されている。しかし、「共産主義国家」と呼ばれるこれらの国は共産主義であるとは自称しておらず、また、共産主義を達成したとは主張しておらず、共産主義社会に向かって進んでいる社会主義国家を自称している[8][9][10][11]。共産主義国家が自称するその他の用語には、 ナショナル・デモクラシー(National democracy、国民民主主義/民族民主主義)、人民民主主義(People's democracy)、社会主義志向国、労働者と農民の国家(労農国家、Workers' and peasants' state)などがある[12]

政治学などの研究者は、東側諸国を指す「共産主義国家」と区別される「民主社会主義国家 (democratic socialist states)」という呼称を用いて、西側諸国社会民主主義混合経済を導入してきたフランススウェーデンイギリスを指すこともある[13][14][15][16]

特徴

美学的な特徴としては、共産主義国家はいろんな場面でわざわざま真っ赤の旗を大量に使い、人民が流れた血を象徴する。

共産主義国家にはいくつの特徴がある:

真実を隠すための言い回し

共産主義国家は自分たちのことを共産主義と呼ばず、ただ社会主義と自称し、「国民は党に従って、社会主義的な事をすれば、いつかに共産主義社会に辿りつくことが出来る」と主張し続けている[11]。また、国内で独裁主義を基づいて政治を行っているものの、自国を独裁国家とは呼ばず、民主集中制と自称して「国民が自らの意思で、すべての権力を党に委ねる」と国民へ宣伝し続けている[17][18][19]。崩壊の前のソ連や東欧諸国では共産独裁という言葉のイメージの悪さを知り、それを避けるため、外国に対して「国のための民主主義、民のための資本主義、志向のある社会主義、労働者と農民が所有する国家」などの言葉で自称し続けていて、言い回しを繰り返していた[20][16]

関連項目

脚注

  1. ^ Cooke, Chris, ed (1998). Dictionary of Historical Terms (2nd ed.). pp. 221–222, 305 
  2. ^ Lee, Grace (Spring 2003)) "The Political Philosophy of Juche". v.3, n.1. Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs. Quote: "The DPRK claims that juche is Kim Il Sung's creative application of Marxist-Leninist principle to the modern political realities in North Korea."
  3. ^ Atsuhito, Isozaki (21 June 2021). “A Revival of North Korean Communism?: The rhetoric is there. But what does it mean?”. The Diplomat. 2 December 2022閲覧。 “In his closing address at the Conference of Cell Secretaries of the Workers' Party of Korea in late April, Kim mentioned the word “communism” six times. His recent claim that North Korea aims to become a “communist utopia” is a notable change in rhetoric.”
  4. ^ Bottomore, T. B. (1991). A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 54 
  5. ^ Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard, eds. (2019) [1999]. "Communism". Encyclopædia Britannica (revised ed.). 2020年6月10日閲覧
  6. ^ Getzler, Israel (2002). Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521894425 
  7. ^ Busky, Donald F. (20 July 2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. p. 9. ISBN 978-0275968861. "In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism–Leninism." 
  8. ^ Wilczynski 2008, p. 21: "Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State."
  9. ^ Steele 1999, p. 45: "Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all."
  10. ^ Rosser & Rosser 2003, p. 14 "Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism".
  11. ^ a b Williams, Raymond (1983). “Socialism”. Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-520469-8. https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/289. "The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism." 
  12. ^ Nation, R. Craig (1992). Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991. Cornell University Press. pp. 85–6. ISBN 978-0801480072. オリジナルの1 August 2019時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20190801050439/https://books.google.ie/books?id=WK18-OoR0pIC&pg=PA85 19 December 2014閲覧。 
  13. ^ Barrett, William (1 April 1978). “Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: A Symposium”. Commentary. https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/capitalism-socialism-and-democracy/ 14 June 2020閲覧. "If we were to extend the definition of socialism to include Labor Britain or socialist Sweden, there would be no difficulty in refuting the connection between capitalism and democracy." 
  14. ^ Heilbroner, Robert L. (Winter 1991). "From Sweden to Socialism: A Small Symposium on Big Questions". Dissident. Barkan, Joanne; Brand, Horst; Cohen, Mitchell; Coser, Lewis; Denitch, Bogdan; Fehèr, Ferenc; Heller, Agnès; Horvat, Branko; Tyler, Gus. pp. 96–110. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  15. ^ Kendall, Diana (2011). Sociology in Our Time: The Essentials. Cengage Learning. pp. 125–127. ISBN 9781111305505. "Sweden, Great Britain, and France have mixed economies, sometimes referred to as democratic socialism—an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. For example, government ownership in Sweden is limited primarily to railroads, mineral resources, a public bank, and liquor and tobacco operations."
  16. ^ a b Li, He (2015). Political Thought and China's Transformation: Ideas Shaping Reform in Post-Mao China. Springer. pp. 60–69. ISBN 9781137427816. "The scholars in camp of democratic socialism believe that China should draw on the Sweden experience, which is suitable not only for the West but also for China. In the post-Mao China, the Chinese intellectuals are confronted with a variety of models. The liberals favor the American model and share the view that the Soviet model has become archaic and should be totally abandoned. Meanwhile, democratic socialism in Sweden provided an alternative model. Its sustained economic development and extensive welfare programs fascinated many. Numerous scholars within the democratic socialist camp argue that China should model itself politically and economically on Sweden, which is viewed as more genuinely socialist than China. There is a growing consensus among them that in the Nordic countries the welfare state has been extraordinarily successful in eliminating poverty."
  17. ^ Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1935). Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?. London: Longmans 
  18. ^ Sloan, Pat (1937). Soviet Democracy. London: Left Book Club; Victor Gollancz Ltd 
  19. ^ Farber, Samuel (1992). “Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy”. Studies in Soviet Thought 44 (3): 229–230. 
  20. ^ Nation, R. Craig (1992). Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991. Cornell University Press. pp. 85–6. ISBN 978-0801480072. オリジナルの1 August 2019時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20190801050439/https://books.google.ie/books?id=WK18-OoR0pIC&pg=PA85 19 December 2014閲覧。 

参考書物

以下は中国共産党における支配層たちの就任時間、職名、職の創設時間、および廃止時間にかかわる情報である:

  • 19th National Congress (2017). 中国共産党の憲法. Chinese Communist Party 
  • Gungwu, Wang (2012). 中国: 発展と統治. World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-9814425841