Kem tahanan Jasenovac
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Plan_of_Jasenovac_main_camp.svg/220px-Plan_of_Jasenovac_main_camp.svg.png)
Kem tahanan Jasenovac (Bahasa Serbia-Croatia: [Logor Jasenovac] Error: {{Lang}}: teks mempunyai penanda italik (bantuan)/Логор Јасеновац, disebut [lôːgor jasěnoʋat͡s]; Bahasa Yiddish: יאסענאוואץcode: yi is deprecated ) merupakan kem penghapusan yang dibina di Slavonia yang dibina oleh pihak berkuasa Negara Merdeka Croatia ketika Perang Dunia Kedua. Kem ini telah ditubuh oleh kerajaan rejim Ustaše dan tidak dikendalikan oleh Jerman Nazi.[1] Ia merupakan salah satu kem tahanan terbesar di Eropah. [2] dan telah dirujuk sebagai "Auschwitz Balkan dan "Auschwitz Yugoslavia".[3]
Ia telah dibina pada Ogos 1941 di atas sebuah tanah lapang di antara pertemuan Sungai Sava dan Una berhampiran kampung Jasenovac. Kem ini dibongkar pada bulan April 1945. Ia terkenal kerana "amalan kekejaman dan jumlah mangsa yang besar".[4] Di Jasenovac, kebanyakan mangsa adalah dari etnik Serbia, selain Yahudi, Rom dan beberapa penentang politik rejim Ustaše. Jasenovac merupakan sebuah komplkes dengan lima buah kem kecil[5] sekitar lebih 210 km2 (81 bt2) di tebing Sungai Sava dan Una. Kem terbesar adalah kem "Brickworks" kira-kira 100 km (62 bt) tenggara Zagreb. Keseluruhan kompleks termasuklah kem kecil Stara Gradiška, tapak pembunuhan, lima buah ladang kerja dan kem Rom Uštica.[6][7]
Jumlah mangsa
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corpses_in_the_Sava_river%2C_Sisak_1945.jpg/220px-Corpses_in_the_Sava_river%2C_Sisak_1945.jpg)
Semasa dan sejak Perang Dunia Kedua, terdapat debat dan kontroversi mengenai jumlah mangsa yang dibunuh di kem tahanan Jasenovac sepanjang ia beroperasi selama lebih daripada tiga tahun setengah. Pada tahun 1964, pemerintah Republik Persekutuan Sosialis Yugoslavia menjalankan sebuah kaji selidik populasi dan laporan menunjukkan seramai 59,188 orang telah terbunuh, dan laporan itu tidak dikeluarkan sehinggalah tahun 1989.[9] The survey results showed a far lower figure of 59,188 killed at Jasenovac, of whom 33,944 were recorded as Serbs.[10] Ahli akademik Croatia, Vladimir Žerjavić pula dalam buku yang diterbitkannya pada tahun 1989 dan 1992 menyatakan seramai kira-kira 83,000 orang telah terbunuh di Jasenovac. Angka yang diberikan oleh Žerjavić telah dibantah oleh pengarah Muzium Mangsa Genosid di Belgrade, Milan Bulajić yang mempertahankan angka beliau iaitu 1.1 juta orang terbunuh, walaupun kemudiannya ditolak sebagai "tiada nilai ilmiah". Namun, sejak persaraan Bulajić dari jawatannya pada tahun 2002, pihak muzium tidak lagi mempertahankan angka 700,000 hingga 1 juta mangsa kem. Pada tahun 2005, Dragan Cvetković, seorang penyelidik dari Muzium dan juga seorang penulis Croatia telah menerbitkan sebuah buku dengan menyatakan terdapat kira-kira 100,000 orang mangsa di Jasenovac.[10]
Muzium Memorial Holokus Amerika Syarikat di Washington, D.C. menyatakan anggaran mangsa pembunuhan rejim Ustaša adalah di antara 77,000 dan 99,000 orang di Jasenovac di antara tahun 1941 dan 1945, yang terdiri daripada; "45,000 hingga 52,000 orang Serbia; 12,000 hingga 20,000 orang Yahudi; 15,000 dan 20,000 orang Rom (Gypsy); dan 5,000 hingga 12,000 etnik Croatia dan Muslim, penentang politik dan agama rejim."[7][10] Tapak Memorial Jasenovac Memorial turut melaporkan jumlah yang serupa iaitu 80,000 and 100,000 orang mangsa.[6]
Bunga Batu
Sebuah monumen mangsa kekejaman Ustaše semasa Perang Dunia Keduayang dikenali sebagai "Bunga Batu" (Croatia: Kameni cvijetcode: hr is deprecated ; Cyril Serbia: Камени цветcode: sr is deprecated ) telah dibina di Jasenovac. Monumen tersebut telah direka oleh Bogdan Bogdanović dan dirasmikan pada tahun 1966. Ia dibina bagi memperingati kekejaman yang dilakukan di kem tahanan Jasenovac.
Nota
- ^ Ljiljana Radonić (2009), Heinz Fassmann; Wolfgang Müller-Funk; Heidemarie Uhl, eds., "Krieg um die Erinnerung an das KZ Jasenovac: Kroatische Vergangenheitspolitik zwischen Revisionismus und europäischen Standards" (dalam bahasa German), Kulturen der Differenz- Transformationsprozesse in Zentraleuropa nach 1989 (Göttingen: V&R unipress): pp. 179
- ^ Pavlowitch 2008, m/s. 34.
- ^ Dedijer 1992.
- ^ Tomasevich 2001, m/s. 399.
- ^ Brietman (2005), p. 204
- ^ a b Official website of the Jasenovac Memorial Site
- ^ a b United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- ^ The bodies of Jasenovac prisoners floating in the Sava River.
- ^ Federal Bureau of Statistics in 1964; published in Danas, 21 November 1989
- ^ a b c Kolstø 2011, m/s. 226–41.
Rujukan
- Buku
- Breitman, Richard (2005). U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-61794-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bulajić, Milan (1994). The Role of the Vatican in the break-up of the Yugoslav State: The Mission of the Vatican in the Independent State of Croatia. Ustashi Crimes of Genocide. Belgrade: Stručna knjiga.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bulajić, Milan (2002). Jasenovac: The Jewish-Serbian Holocaust (the role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941-1945). Belgrade: Fund for Genocide Research, Stručna knjiga.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dedijer, Vladimir (1992). The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican: The Croatian Massacre of the Serbs During World War II. Diterjemahkan oleh Kendall, Harvey. Prometheus Books.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dizdar, Zdravko (1997). Tko je tko u NDH Hrvatska 1941.–1945. Zagreb: Minerva. ISBN 953-6377-03-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dorich, William (1997). Jasenovac: Then and Now: A Conspiracy of Silence. BookBaby. ISBN 978-1-882383-90-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Frucht Levy, Michele (2013). "'The Last Bullet for the Last Serb': The Ustaša Genocide against Serbs: 1941–1945". Dalam Crowe, David M. (penyunting). Crimes of State Past and Present: Government-Sponsored Atrocities and International Legal Responses. Routledge. ISBN 9781317986829.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Goldstein, Ivo (2005). Židovi u Zagrebu 1918 – 1941. Zagreb: Novi Liber. ISBN 953-6045-23-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Goldstein, Slavko (2007). 1941. – godina koja se vraća. Zagreb: Novi Liber. ISBN 978-953-6045-48-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Israeli, Raphael (2013). The Death Camps of Croatia: Visions and Revisions, 1941–1945. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412849753.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Knežević, Snješka; Laslo, Aleksander (2011). Židovski Zagreb. Zagreb: AGM, Židovska općina Zagreb. ISBN 978-953-174-393-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kolstø, Pål (2011), "The Serbian-Croatian Controversy over Jasenovac", Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two, Palgrave Macmillan UK, m/s. 225–246 Unknown parameter
|editors=
ignored (bantuan) - Korb, Alexander (2010). "A Multipronged Attack: Ustaša Persecution of Serbs, Jews, and Roma in Wartime Croatia". Eradicating Differences: The Treatment of Minorities in Nazi-Dominated Europe. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. m/s. 145–163.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lemkin, Raphael (2008). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lituchy, Barry M. (2006). Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyses and survivor testimonies. Jasenovac Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-9753432-0-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mataušić, Nataša (2008). JASENOVAC, FOTOMONOGRAFIJA. Zagreb: Spomen – područje Jasenovac. ISBN 978-953-99169-4-5.
- Miletić, Antun (1986a). Koncentracioni logor Jasenovac 1941-1945: dokumenta. I (ed. second). Beograd: Narodna knjiga.
- Miletić, Antun (1986b). Koncentracioni logor Jasenovac 1941-1945: dokumenta. II (ed. second). Beograd: Narodna knjiga.
- Miletić, Antun (1986c). Koncentracioni logor Jasenovac 1941-1945: dokumenta. III (ed. second). Beograd: Narodna knjiga.
- Mirković, Jovan (2014). Crimes against Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia - photomonograph / Злочини над Србима у Независној Држави Хрватској - фотомонографија. Svet knjige Belgrade. ISBN 978-86-7396-465-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Paris, Edmond (1961). Genocide in Satellite Croatia, 1941-1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecutions and Massacres. Chicago: American Institute for Balkan Affairs.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 1-85065-895-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2011). Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-27830-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1998). Le génocide occulté: État Indépendant de Croatie 1941–1945 [Hidden Genocide: The Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945] (dalam bahasa French). Lausanne: L'age d'Homme.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1999). L'arcivescovo del genocidio: Monsignor Stepinac, il Vaticano e la dittatura ustascia in Croazia, 1941-1945 [The Archbishop of Genocide: Monsignor Stepinac, the Vatican and the Ustaše dictatorship in Croatia, 1941-1945] (dalam bahasa Italian). Milano: Kaos.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (2002). "Dio è con noi!": La Chiesa di Pio XII complice del nazifascismo ["God is with us!": The Church of Pius XII accomplice to Nazi Fascism] (dalam bahasa Italian). Milano: Kaos.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Schindley, Wanda; Makara, Petar, penyunting (2005). Jasenovac: Proceedings of the First International Conference and Exibit on the Jasenovac Concentration Camps. Dallas Publishing.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Schwartz, Djuro. במחנות המוות של יאסנובץ, קובץ מחקרים כ"ה של יד-ושם [In the Jasenovac camps of death] (dalam bahasa Hebrew).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) [Penjelasan diperlukan]
- Lewinger, Yossef; Matkovski, Alexander (1990). Shelach, Menachem (penyunting). רמנחם שלח (עו'),"תולדות השואה: יוגוסלביה". חלק שני: פרק חמישי, "יאסנובאץ" [History of the Holocaust: Yugoslavia] (dalam bahasa Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Vashem.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Sindik, Dušan, penyunting (1985) [1972]. Sećanja jevreja na logor Jasenovac [Memories of the Jews of the Jasenovac camp] (dalam bahasa Serbian). Belgrade: Savez jevrejskih opština Jugoslavije.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Gutman, Israel, penyunting (1995) [1990]. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. 1.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. 2. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804736154.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Walasek, Helen (2015). "Jasenovac Memorial Site". Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4094-3704-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Jurnal
- Byford, Jovan (2007). "When I say "The Holocaust," I mean "Jasenovac": Remembrance of the Holocaust in contemporary Serbia". East European Jewish Affairs. 37 (1): 51–74. doi:10.1080/13501670701197946.
- Laman web
- "Official Website of the Jasenovac Memorial Site". Dicapai pada 8 June 2015.
- "Holocaust Encyclopedia: Jasenovac". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Dicapai pada 8 June 2015.
Bacaan tambahan
- Witness to Jasenovac's Hell. Ilija Ivanović (with Wanda Schindley, ed.), Aleksandra Lazic (translator), Dallas Publishing, 2002
- State Commission investigation of crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators in Croatia (1946). Crimes in the Jasenovac Camp. Zagreb.
- Ustasha Camps by Mirko Percen, Globus, Zagreb, 1966; 2nd expanded printing 1990.
- Ustashi and the Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945, by Fikreta Jelić-Butić, Liber, Zagreb, 1977.
- Romans, J. Jews of Yugoslavia, 1941– 1945: Victims of Genocide and Freedom Fighters, Belgrade, 1982
- Antisemitism in the anti-fascist Holocaust: a collection of works, The Jewish Center, Zagreb, 1996.
- The Jasenovac Concentration Camp, by Antun Miletić, Volumes One and Two, Belgrade, 1986. Volume Three, Belgrade, 1987 (2nd edition, 1993).
- Hell's Torture Chamber by Đjorđe Milica, Zagreb, 1945.
- Die Besatzungszeit das Genozid in Jugoslawien 1941–1945 by Vladimir Umeljić, Graphics High Publishing, Los Angeles, CA, 1994.
- Srbi i genocidni XX vek (Serbs and 20th century, Ages of Genocide) by Vladimir Umeljić, (vol 1, vol 2), Magne, Belgrade, 2004
- Kaputt, by Curzio Malaparte; translated by Cesare Foligno, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL, 1999.
- Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat 1941–1945, by Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1964.
- Novak, Viktor (2011). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. 1. Jagodina: Gambit.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Novak, Viktor (2011). Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. 2. Jagodina: Gambit.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Pautan luar
- Holocaust Encyclopedia: Jasenovac, hosted at USHMM
- US Holocaust Memorial Museum: Jasenovac
- Concentration camp Jasenovac Diarkibkan 2019-04-13 di Wayback Machine, Archives of Republika Srpska
- Jasenovac Committee of the Holy Assembly of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church
- Eichmann Trial – Alexander Arnon testimony Diarkibkan 2012-03-15 di Wayback Machine
- Unscrambling the History of a Nazi Camp, The New York Times, 6 December 2006
- New expanded Jasenovac Memorial opened
- Spomenik Database - Monument at Jasenovac educational & historical resource