Diplopode
Diplopoda | |
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Reprezentativna selekcija stonoga (nisu u srazmeri) | |
Naučna klasifikacija ![]() | |
Domen: | Eukaryota |
Carstvo: | Animalia |
Tip: | Arthropoda |
Podtip: | Myriapoda |
Klasa: | Diplopoda De Blainville u Gervais, 1844 |
Podklase | |
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Diverzitet | |
16 redova, oko 12.000 vrsta |
Diplopoda su najobimnija grupa stonoga. Poznato je oko 12.000 vrsta koje su najbrojnije u tropskim predelima
Opis i građa
Telo im je cilindrično, diferencirano na glavu, grudi i abdomen. Abdomen je građen od udvojenih segmenata i ekstremiteta po čemu su i dobile ime. Glava diplopoda je jasno izražena. Na njoj se nalaze kratke antene sa po 7 – 9 članaka. Oči su im građene od skupina prostih očiju (ocela). Usta su im okružena mandibulama koje su snažne i složeno grđene. Iza mandibula se nalazi gnatohilarijum. Gnatohilarijum na distalnoj ivici nosi nekoliko tuberkula koje služe kao čula ukusa i za pridržavanje delova hrane. Iza glave se nalaze četiri segmenta koji nisu udvojeni pa se ovaj deo označava kao grudni (thorax). Prvi segment (collum) je bez ekstremiteta. On je krupan i specifične morfologije, označava se i kao vratni segment. Sledeća tri segmenta imaju po par ekstremiteta. Na trećem segmentu toraksa se nalazi parni polni otvor, pa se on označava kao i genitalni. Iza segmenata grudi sledi serija diplosegmenata sa po dva para ekstremiteta. Na zadnjem segmentu, pigidijumu nalazi se analni otvor. Respiratorni sistem je građen od traheja koje se otvaraju parnim stigmama sa ventralne strane. Stigme vode u trahejne cevčice koje se granaju po celom telu. Ekskreciju vrše parni Malpigijevi sudovi koji su vrlo dugi. Nervni sistem je lestvičast kao i kod ostalih stonoga, samo što su ganglije u diplosegmentima abdomena udvojene. Od čula imaju dobro razvijene oči, građene od skupina ocela. Većina diplopoda je negativno fototropna. Antene imaju senzitivne dlačice za precepciju mehaničkih draži. Pored njih na antenama se nalaze hemoreceptori koji su razvijeni i na gnatohilarijumu.[1]
Stanište i distribucija
Nastanjuju sve kontinente osim Antarktika. Naseljavaju skoro sva terestrična staništa u rasponu od arktičkog kruga na severu do Argentinske provincije Santa Kruz na jugu. Tipični su stanovnici šumskog tla, žive u opalom lišću, trulim stablima ili u zemlji pod uslovom da stanište vlažno. Najbrojnije su u vlažnim šumama umerene zone gde mogu da dostignu gustinu od preko 1,000 individua po metru kvadratnom.[2][3][4][5]
Ishrana
Za većinu Diplopoda je karakteristično da se hrane biljnom hranom koju grickaju složenim mandibulama. Neke tropske vrste su zoofagne i hrane se sitnim beskičmenjacima.[1]
Sistematika
U okviru klase Diplopoda se izdvajaju dve potklase sa više redova: Pselaphognatha i Chilognatha. Pselaphognatha obuhvata oko 100 vrsta sitnih diplopoda koje su klasifikovane u familiju Polyxenidae. U okviru potklase Chilognatha izdvajaju se tri nadreda: Opisthandria, Colobognatha i Proterandria.[1]
Familije
- Abacionidae Shelley, 1979
- Adritylidae Shear, 1971
- Allopocockiidae Keeton, 1960
- Andrognathidae Cope, 1869
- Aphelidesmidae Brolemann, 1916
- Aprosphylosomatidae Hoffman, 1961
- Apterouridae Loomis, 1966
- Atopetholidae Chamberlin, 1918
- Blaniulidae Koch, 1847
- Branneriidae Cook, 1896
- Cambalidae Bollman, 1893
- Cambalopsidae Cook, 1895
- Caseyidae Verhoeff, 1909
- Chelodesmidae Cook, 1895
- Chelojulidae Enghoff, 1991
- Choctellidae Chamberlin & Hoffman, 1950
- Cleidogonidae Cook, 1896
- Conotylidae Cook, 1896
- Craspedosomatidae Gray, 1843
- Cryptodesmidae Karsch, 1880
- Cyrtodesmidae Cook, 1896
- Dorsoporidae Loomis, 1958
- Eurymerodesmidae Causey, 1951
- Euryuridae Pocock, 1909
- Floridobolidae Keeton, 1959
- Fuhrmannodesmidae Brolemann, 1916
- Glomeridae Leach, 1815
- Glomeridesmidae Latzel, 1884
- Haplodesmidae Cook, 1895
- Hirudisomatidae Silvestri, 1896
- Holistophallidae Silvestri, 1909
- Julidae Leach, 1814
- Lophoproctidae Silvestri, 1897
- Macrosternodesmidae Brolemann, 1916
- Messicobolidae Loomis, 1968
- Nearctodesmidae Chamberlin & Hoffman, 1950
- Nemasomatidae Bollman, 1893
- Okeanobatidae Verhoeff, 1942
- Oniscodesmidae DeSaussure, 1860
- Pachybolidae Cook, 1897
- Paeromopodidae Cook, 1895
- Paradoxosomatidae Daday, 1889
- Parajulidae Bollman, 1893
- Platydesmidae DeSaussure, 1860
- Platyrhacidae Pocock, 1895
- Polydesmidae Leach, 1815
- Polyxenidae Lucas, 1840
- Polyzoniidae Newport, 1844
- Pseudonannolenidae Silvestri, 1895
- Pseudospirobolellidae Brolemann, 1913
- Pyrgodesmidae Silvestri, 1896
- Rhachodesmidae Carl, 1903
- Rhinocricidae Brolemann, 1913
- Rhiscosomididae Silvestri, 1909
- Schizopetalidae Verhoeff, 1909
- Siphoniulidae Pocock, 1894
- Siphonophoridae Newport, 1844
- Siphonorhinidae Cook, 1895
- Siphonotidae Cook, 1895
- Sphaeriodesmidae Humbert & DeSaussure, 1869
- Spirobolellidae Brolemann, 1913
- Spirobolidae Bollman, 1893
- Spirostreptidae Brandt, 1833
- Stemmiulidae Pocock, 1894
- Striariidae Bollman, 1893
- Telsonemasomatidae Enghoff, 1991
- Tingupidae Loomis, 1966
- Trichopetalidae Verhoeff, 1914
- Tridontomidae Loomis & Hoffman, 1962
- Trigoniulidae Attems, 1909
- Typhlobolellidae Hoffman, 1980
- Urochordeumatidae Silvestri, 1909
- Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895
- Zosteractinidae Loomis, 1943
Rodovi
- Abacion Rafinesque, 1820
- Aceratophallus Carl, 1902
- Achemenides Shear, 1971
- Achromoporus Loomis, 1936
- Acutangulus Attems, 1898
- Adrityla Causey, 1961
- Aenigmopus Loomis & Hoffman, 1962
- Agenodesmus Loomis, 1934
- Airocaulon Loomis, 1964
- Akamptogonus Attems, 1914
- Alakene Chamberlin, 1941
- Alcimobolus Loomis, 1936
- Aliulus Causey, 1950
- Allajulus Koch, 1847
- Allarithmus Attems, 1933
- Allopocockia Brolemann, 1913
- Alocodesmus Silvestri, 1896
- Ameractis Causey, 1959
- Amphelictogon Chamberlin, 1918
- Amplinus Attems, 1898
- Anadenobolus Silvestri, 1897
- Andrognathus Cope, 1869
- Anelus Cook, 1911
- Aniulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Anombrocheir Buckett & Gardner, 1969
- Antillodesmus Chamberlin, 1918
- Antrogonodesmus Hoffman, 1959
- Apacheiulus Loomis, 1968
- Aphelidesmus Brolemann, 1898
- Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921
- Aporodesminus Silvestri, 1904
- Aprosphylosoma Hoffman, 1961
- Apterourus Loomis, 1966
- Archiboreoiulus Brolemann, 1921
- Arinolus Chamberlin, 1940
- Arolus Chamberlin, 1922
- Arvechambus Causey, 1963
- Asiomorpha Verhoeff, 1939
- Atopetholus Chamberlin, 1918
- Auracricus Pérez-Asso, 1998
- Austrotyla Causey, 1961
- Auturus Chamberlin, 1942
- Aztecolus Chamberlin, 1943
- Barrodesmus Chamberlin, 1940
- Barydesmus Cook, 1896
- Bdellozonium Cook & Loomis, 1928
- Beatadesmus Loomis, 1934
- Berlesedesmus Loomis, 1975
- Biaporus Loomis, 1941
- Bidentogon Buckett & Gardner, 1968
- Bistolodesmus Shelley, 1994
- Blancosoma Shear & Hubbard, 1998
- Blaniulus Gervais, 1836
- Bollmanella Chamberlin, 1941
- Bollmaniulus Verhoeff, 1926
- Bonetesmus Chamberlin, 1942
- Boraria Chamberlin, 1943
- Botrydesmus Loomis, 1934
- Brachoria Chamberlin, 1939
- Brachycybe Wood, 1864
- Brachyiulus Berlese, 1884
- Branneria Bollman, 1893
- Brevigonus Shelley, 1980
- Brunsonia Loomis & Schmitt, 1971
- Buotus Chamberlin, 1940
- Buwatia Chamberlin, 1912
- Buzonium Cook & Loomis, 1928
- Cabraca Shear, 1982
- Caliactis Shelley, 1996
- Calianotus Shelley, 1997
- Californiulus Verhoeff, 1938
- Calymmodesmus Carl, 1914
- Calyptodesmus Schubart, 1944
- Cambala Gray, 1832
- Cambalomma Loomis, 1941
- Caraibodesmus Chamberlin, 1918
- Caralinda Hoffman, 1978
- Caramba Shear, 1977
- Caseya Cook & Collins, 1895
- Catapleuradesmus Loomis, 1964
- Centrelus Cook, 1911
- Ceuthauxus Chamberlin, 1942
- Chaetaspis Bollman, 1887
- Cheirogonus Hoffman, 1982
- Cheiropus Loomis, 1944
- Chelogonobolus Carl, 1919
- Chelojulus Enghoff, 1982
- Cherokia Chamberlin, 1949
- Chicobolus Chamberlin, 1947
- Chilaphrodesmus Loomis, 1934
- Chirripeckia Hoffman, 1976
- Choctella Chamberlin, 1918
- Chonaphe Cook, 1904
- Chondrodesmus Silvestri, 1897
- Chondromorpha Silvestri, 1897
- Chondrotropis Loomis, 1936
- Choneiulus Brolemann, 1921
- Chromodesmus Loomis, 1976
- Chytodesmus Cook, 1896
- Cleidogona Cook, 1895
- Cleptoria Chamberlin, 1939
- Coccoelasma Loomis, 1936
- Codiulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Colactis Loomis, 1937
- Colactoides Shelley, 1997
- Colobodesmus Brolemann, 1905
- Comanchelus Hoffman & Orcutt, 1960
- Conotyla Cook & Collins, 1895
- Corypus Loomis & Schmitt, 1971
- Craspedosoma Leach, 1814
- Craterodesmus Loomis, 1941
- Croatania Shelley, 1977
- Cryptocorypha Attems, 1907
- Cryptyma Chamberlin, 1943
- Cubodesmus Chamberlin, 1918
- Curodesmus Chamberlin, 1922
- Cyclodesmus Humbert & DeSaussure, 1869
- Cyclopsodesmus Loomis, 1964
- Cyclothyrophorus Pocock, 1908
- Cylindrodesmus Pocock, 1889
- Cylindrogonus Loomis, 1964
- Cylindroiulus Verhoeff, 1894
- Cylindromus Loomis, 1977
- Cylionus Cook, 1898
- Cynedesmus Cook, 1895
- Cyphodesmus Peters, 1864
- Cyphotylus Loomis, 1936
- Cyrtaphe Loomis, 1936
- Cyrtodesmus Gervais, 1847
- Darlingtoniella Loomis, 1938
- Decaporodesmus Kenyon, 1899
- Delophon Chamberlin, 1943
- Deltotaria Causey, 1942
- Desmethus Chamberlin, 1922
- Desmonus Cook, 1898
- Diactis Loomis, 1937
- Diaphanacme Loomis, 1964
- Dicellarius Chamberlin, 1920
- Dicropus Loomis, 1972
- Dilophops Loomis, 1934
- Diuncustoma Shelley, 1997
- Dixioria Chamberlin, 1947
- Docodesmiella Loomis, 1961
- Docodesmus Cook, 1896
- Doilene Chamberlin, 1941
- Dorsoporus Loomis, 1958
- Duoporus Cook, 1901
- Dybasia Loomis, 1964
- Dynoria Chamberlin, 1939
- Elcarmenia Kraus, 1954
- Ellipodesmus Chamberlin, 1918
- Enantiogonus Loomis, 1961
- Endere Loomis, 1938
- Epinannolene Brolemann, 1903
- Erdelyia Hoffman, 1962
- Ergene Chamberlin, 1943
- Ergodesmus Chamberlin, 1949
- Ethojulus Chamberlin, 1918
- Eurelus Chamberlin, 1941
- Eurhinocricus Brolemann, 1903
- Eurymerodesmus Brolemann, 1900
- Euryurus Koch, 1847
- Eusphaeriodesmus Brolemann, 1916
- Eutynellus Chamberlin, 1940
- Eutyporhachis Pocock, 1909
- Exallostethus Hoffman, 1975
- Falloria Hoffman, 1948
- Fennellia Loomis, 1941
- Florea Shelley, 1996
- Floridobolus Causey, 1957
- Fomentocricus Pérez-Asso, 1998
- Furcillaria Shelley, 1981
- Georgiulus Hoffman, 1992
- Glomeridesmus Gervais, 1844
- Glomeroides Chamberlin, 1922
- Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847
- Gonoessa Shelley, 1984
- Gosiulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Gosodesmus Chamberlin, 1922
- Granmadesmus Pérez-Asso, 1996
- Gyalostethus Hoffman, 1965
- Gyniulus Loomis, 1963
- Haitobolus Mauriès & Hoffman, 1998
- Hakiulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Haplocyclodesmus Attems, 1940
- Harpagonopus Loomis, 1960
- Harpaphe Cook, 1904
- Henicomus Loomis, 1941
- Heptium Loomis, 1937
- Heteropente Loomis, 1933
- Hexadesmus Loomis, 1933
- Hiltonius Chamberlin, 1918
- Holistophallus Silvestri, 1909
- Hybocestus Hoffman, 1959
- Hypselodesmus Loomis, 1941
- Hypsiloporus Loomis, 1961
- Idagona Buckett & Gardner, 1967
- Idiurodesmus Silvestri, 1924
- Idrionaria Shelley, 1996
- Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928
- Illiniurus Shear, 1968
- Iomoides Loomis, 1934
- Iomus Cook, 1911
- Irazunus Attems, 1933
- Irogonus Loomis, 1964
- Isaphe Cook, 1904
- Ischnocybe Cook & Loomis, 1928
- Ischnosphaeriodesmus Brolemann, 1916
- Isoporostreptus Silvestri, 1898
- Jeekelia Loomis, 1941
- Jobocricus Pérez-Asso, 1998
- Julus Linnaeus, 1758
- Kapyrodesmus Attems, 1940
- Karukeromus Mauriès, 1980
- Kepolydesmus Chamberlin, 1910
- Lasiomazus Loomis, 1941
- Leiocricus Loomis, 1936
- Leiodere Loomis, 1938
- Leiogonopus Loomis, 1964
- Leiomodesmus Loomis, 1938
- Leptogoniulus Silvestri, 1897
- Ligiodesmus Pocock, 1909
- Lignydesmus Cook, 1896
- Liomus Chamberlin, 1950
- Litiulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Lobodesmus Loomis, 1936
- Loomisiola Hoffman, 1979
- Lophocyclus Loomis, 1936
- Lophodesmus Pocock, 1894
- Lophomus Loomis & Schmitt, 1971
- Lophoproctinus Silvestri, 1948
- Lophoturus Brolemann, 1931
- Lourdesia Shelley, 1991
- Lyrranea Hoffman, 1963
- Macromastus Loomis & Schmitt, 1971
- Macroxenodes Silvestri, 1948
- Maderesmus Chamberlin, 1943
- Mannobolus Loomis, 1968
- Mayastreptus Hoffman, 1998
- Messicobolus Brolemann, 1913
- Mestosoma Silvestri, 1897
- Metaphallus Chamberlin, 1952
- Metaxycheir Buckett & Gardner, 1969
- Metopiona Gardner & Shelley, 1989
- Mexicambala Causey, 1964
- Mexicoiulus Verhoeff, 1926
- Mexiconium Shelley, 1996
- Mexidesmus Loomis, 1976
- Mexiterpes Causey, 1963
- Mitocybe Cook & Loomis, 1928
- Montaphe Chamberlin, 1949
- Morelene Chamberlin, 1943
- Motyxia Chamberlin, 1941
- Mulaikiulus Chamberlin, 1941
- Myrmecodesmus Silvestri, 1910
- Nannaria Chamberlin, 1918
- Nannolene Bollman, 1887
- Nanorrhacus Cook, 1896
- Narceus Rafinesque, 1820
- Nearctodesmus Silvestri, 1910
- Neoleptodesmus Carl, 1903
- Nesobolus Chamberlin, 1918
- Nopoiulus Menge, 1851
- Nyssodesmus Cook, 1896
- Ochrogramma Gardner & Shelley, 1989
- Ochthocelata Shelley, 1995
- Octoglena Wood, 1864
- Odachurus Loomis, 1938
- Oenomaea Hoffman, 1964
- Okeanobates Verhoeff, 1939
- Okliulus Causey, 1950
- Onomeris Cook, 1896
- Onychelus Cook, 1904
- Oodedesmus Loomis, 1960
- Ophiodesmus Cook, 1895
- Ophyiulus Berlese, 1884
- Opiona Chamberlin, 1951
- Orinisobates Lohmander, 1932
- Oriulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Orophe Chamberlin, 1951
- Orthoporus Silvestri, 1897
- Oxidus Cook, 1911
- Oxypyge Silvestri, 1896
- Oxypygides Chamberlin, 1922
- Pachydesmus Cook, 1895
- Pachygonopus Loomis, 1964
- Paeromopus Karsch, 1881
- Paiteya Chamberlin, 1910
- Pammicrophallus Pocock, 1909
- Parajulus Humbert & DeSaussure, 1869
- Pararhachistes Pocock, 1909
- Parcipromus Shelley, 1995
- Parvulodesmus Shelley, 1983
- Peckfiskia Loomis, 1969
- Penteporus Loomis, 1936
- Peridontodesmus Silvestri, 1896
- Petaserpes Cope, 1870
- Petenobolus Loomis, 1968
- Pharodere Loomis, 1938
- Pheniulus Chamberlin, 1943
- Phreatodesmus Loomis, 1960
- Phylactophallus Pocock, 1909
- Piedolus Chamberlin, 1930
- Pinesmus Chamberlin, 1943
- Platydere Loomis, 1938
- Platydesmus Lucas, 1843
- Platyurodesmus Loomis, 1977
- Plesioproctus Condé, 1964
- Pleuroloma Rafinesque, 1820
- Plicatodesmus Pérez-Asso, 1995
- Plumatyla Shear, 1972
- Podiscodesmus Loomis, 1941
- Polydesmus Latreille, 1802/1803
- Polylepiscus Pocock, 1909
- Polyxenus Latreille, 1802/1803
- Poratia Cook & Cook, 1894
- Poratioides Loomis, 1970
- Pozodesmus Shear, 1986
- Prionogonus Shelley, 1982
- Proaspis Loomis, 1941
- Proeilodesmus Hoffman, 1990
- Prosopodesmus Silvestri, 1910
- Prostemmiulus Silvestri, 1916
- Proteroiulus Silvestri, 1897
- Psammodesmus Cook, 1896
- Pseudojulus Bollman, 1887
- Pseudopolydesmus Attems, 1898
- Pseudospirobolellus Carl, 1912
- Pseudotremia Cope, 1869
- Psochodesmus Cook, 1896
- Pterygiodesmus Loomis, 1936
- Ptyoiulus Cook, 1895
- Quisquicia Loomis, 1936
- Reddellobus Causey, 1973
- Rettenmeyeria Loomis, 1959
- Rhachidomorpha DeSaussure, 1860
- Rhachodesmus Cook, 1895
- Rhaphandra Loomis, 1966
- Rhinocricus Karsch, 1881
- Rhinotus Cook, 1896
- Rhiscosomides Silvestri, 1909
- Rhysodesmus Cook, 1895
- Ricodesmus Chamberlin, 1922
- Rudiloria Causey, 1955
- Saiulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Sakophallus Chamberlin, 1942
- Salvadoria Kraus, 1954
- Sarolepis Loomis, 1964
- Schistides Chamberlin, 1922
- Schmidtolus Chamberlin, 1953
- Scobinomus Loomis, 1953
- Scoliogmus Loomis, 1941
- Scoterpes Cope, 1872
- Scytonotus Koch, 1847
- Selenocheir Shelley, 1994
- Seminellogon Chamberlin, 1933
- Semionellus Chamberlin, 1920
- Sierresmus Chamberlin, 1943
- Sigmocheir Chamberlin, 1951
- Sigmoria Chamberlin, 1939
- Simiulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Siphonacme Cook & Loomis, 1928
- Siphoniulus Pocock, 1894
- Siphonocybe Pocock, 1903
- Siphonophora Brandt, 1837
- Solaenogona Hoffman, 1950
- Solaenorhabdus Hoffman, 1950
- Sophiulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Spathiulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Speodesmus Loomis, 1939
- Speoseya Causey, 1954
- Speostriaria Causey, 1960
- Sphaeriodesmus Peters, 1864
- Spirobolellus Pocock, 1894
- Stelgipus Loomis, 1944
- Stemmiulus Gervais, 1844
- Stenodesmus DeSaussure, 1859
- Stenozonium Shelley, 1998
- Striaria Bollman, 1888
- Strongylodesmus DeSaussure, 1859
- Styraxodesmus Chamberlin, 1918
- Sumidero Shear, 1982
- Synecheporus Loomis, 1941
- Synoptura Attems, 1914
- Synthodesmus Chamberlin, 1922
- Taiyutyla Chamberlin, 1952
- Talamancia Loomis, 1974
- Tancitares Chamberlin, 1942
- Taphrodesmus Silvestri, 1910
- Tarascolus Chamberlin, 1943
- Teinorhachis Loomis, 1961
- Telsonemasoma Enghoff, 1979
- Teniulus Chamberlin, 1951
- Tetracion Hoffman, 1956
- Texophon Chamberlin, 1946
- Thalassisobates Verhoeff, 1908
- Thrinaxoria Chamberlin & Hoffman, 1950
- Thriniulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Thyroproctus Pocock, 1894
- Tichodesmus Chamberlin, 1940
- Tidolus Chamberlin, 1949
- Tiganogona Chamberlin, 1928
- Tigolene Chamberlin, 1941
- Tingupa Chamberlin, 1910
- Tirodesmus Cook, 1896
- Titsona Chamberlin, 1912
- Toltecolus Chamberlin, 1943
- Tomodesmus Chamberlin, 1918
- Tracheloaspis Loomis, 1961
- Trichomeris Loomis, 1943
- Trichomorpha Silvestri, 1897
- Trichopetalum Harger, 1872
- Tridere Cook & Loomis, 1938
- Tridesmus Cook, 1896
- Tridontomus Loomis & Hoffman, 1962
- Trigenotyla Causey, 1951
- Trigoniulus Pocock, 1894
- Tubaphe Causey, 1954
- Tuniulus Chamberlin, 1940
- Tunodesmus Chamberlin, 1922
- Tylobolus Cook, 1904
- Tylogoneus Causey, 1973
- Tynomma Loomis, 1937
- Typhlobolellus Hoffman, 1969
- Unculabes Causey, 1971
- Underwoodia Cook & Collins, 1895
- Uroblaniulus Attems, 1901
- Urochordeuma Silvestri, 1913
- Utadesmus Chamberlin & Hoffman, 1950
- Uvaldia Loomis, 1968
- Vaferia Causey, 1958
- Vasingtona Chamberlin, 1941
- Virgoiulus Enghoff, 1984
- Wamokia Chamberlin, 1941
- Watichelus Chamberlin, 1949
- Xenoporus Loomis, 1961
- Xystocheir Cook, 1904
- Yucatobolus Chamberlin, 1938
- Zeuctodesmus Pocock, 1909
- Zipyge Chamberlin, 1925
- Zosteractis Loomis, 1943
Reference
- ^ а б в Brajković, Miloje. Zoologija Invertebrata II deo (prvo изд.). Zavod za udžbenike-Beograd. стр. 229, 230, 231, 232.
- ^ Golovatch, Sergei I.; Kime, R. Desmond (2009). "Millipede (Diplopoda) distributions: a review" (PDF). Soil Organisms. 81 (3): 565–597.
- ^ Adis, Joachim (1986). "An 'aquatic' millipede from a Central Amazonian inundation forest". Oecologia. 68 (3): 347–349. Bibcode:1986Oecol..68..347A. doi:10.1007/BF01036737.
- ^ Burrows, F. J.; Hales, D. F.; Beattie, A. J. (1994). "Aquatic millipedes in Australia: a biological enigma and a conservation saga". Australian Zoologist. 29 (3–4): 213–216. doi:10.7882/az.1994.007.
- ^ Barber, A. D., ed. (2013). "World Database of Littoral Myriapoda". World Register of Marine Species. Приступљено 25 October 2013.
Spoljašnje veze
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
- Milli-PEET: The Class Diplopoda – The Field Museum, Chicago
- Millipedes of Australia Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (27. јун 2018)
- Diplopoda: Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates – Massey University
- SysMyr, a myriapod taxonomy database Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (25. април 2020)
- British Myriapod & Isopod Group