Juan Salcedo Jr.

Secretary of the Philippine Department of Health

Juan S. Salcedo Jr ONS
Official portrait, National Academy of Science and Technology

6th Secretary of Health
In office December 30, 1953 – May 1954
President	Ramon Magsaysay
Preceded by	Antonio Villarama
Succeeded by	Paulino Garcia
In office December 14, 1950 – December 30, 1953
President	Elpidio Quirino

Personal details
Born	September 23, 1904
Died	October 25, 1988(1988-10-25) (aged 84)^[1]^[2]
Alma mater	University of the Philippines Manila Columbia University

Juan Sanchez Salcedo Jr. (September 23, 1904 – October 25, 1988)^[2]^[1] was a Filipino physician and scientist who specialized in biochemistry, nutrition and public health.^[3] He was secretary of health from 1950 to 1953 and chairman of the National Science Development Board (now reorganized as the Department of Science and Technology) from 1962 to 1970.^[2] He was also one of the original board of trustees and incorporators of the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement.^[4] Following his government service, he became dean of the University of the East Medical College and president of Araneta University.^[2]

His involvement in nutrition began with the "Bataan Experiment"^[2] of which he led surveys and experiments in Bataan to prove that rice enrichment by thiamine and other nutrients such as iron can solve beriberi, which was the leading cause of deaths in the Philippines during those times.^[2]^[5]

As the secretary of health, he enacted the mandatory National Rice Enrichment Act 832 for the prevention of beriberi cases, but was met with backlash from rice millers and poor enforcement from authorities.^[6]

Education and early career

From 1929 to 1936, he worked as a physiology instructor at UP. In 1943, during the Pacific War, he studied at Columbia University, where he met Robert R. Williams, who had synthesized vitamin B1 in 1935. Together, they devised a plan in 1943 to combat beriberi in the Philippines which was later known as the "Bataan Rice Enrichment Project". The plan was not feasible until the defeat of Japan in 1945. During his time as a director for field operations of USPHS and founding father of the Philippine Association of Nutrition, Salcedo wanted a state agency dedicated solely for nutrition. In 1948, President Manuel Roxas' administration appointed him as chairperson for the state-created Institute of Nutrition.^[6]

Scientific contributions

The Bataan Experiment

In 1946, beriberi was the second leading cause of death in the Philippines, following tuberculosis.^[6]

In 1948, the survey, led by Dr. Juan Salcedo, Jr. and a team including Dr. M. D. Bamba and three other medical officers, aimed to assess beriberi in the Philippines. They surveyed approximately 22% of the population in the experimental zone and 2 out of 5 control municipality in Bataan, examining 1,000 to 2,500 individuals per municipality. Findings revealed that beriberi cases were uniformly distributed across different age and physiological groups, affecting 12.8% of those examined, with mortality highest in infants. Sex did not notably influence results, except for physiological conditions related to pregnancy and lactation.^[7] Since October 1948, Salcedo, along with Bamba's team tested their enriched rice for exclusive use by 63,000 people in Bataan. The findings shows a decline of 76 to 94% in the incidence of beriberi in each of 7 municipalities.^[8]

From 1947 to 1949, a feeding experiment in Bataan, conducted by American chemist Robert R. Williams and Salcedo, showed that thiamine-enriched polished white rice significantly decreased beriberi rates among at-risk populations.^[6] Salcedo was credited as the developer of a rice variety fortified with thiamine which helped reduce the cases of beriberi in the Philippines and in other countries.^[5]

In 1949, Salcedo, along with Alfonso Pedroche, Elpedio C. Panganiban and Jose F. De Leon, conducted preliminary field trials in the Philippines involving artificially enriched white rice with 3,500 participants. The results were completely satisfactory. In limited observations, some members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, who were participants for the trials, received beneficial effects on peripheral neuritis.^[9]

Other publications and researches

Here are some of the notable publications and researches by Salcedo:^[10]

Medical Services

Salcedo, J,S.Jr., (1949 Ja - Mr ) The role of nurses in the national nutrition program, Filipino Nurse Volume 18/3
Salcedo, J,S.Jr., (1949 Mr) The medical practitioner and our nutrition problems, Philippine Medical World Volume 4/3
Salcedo, J,S.Jr., (1949 Ap ) The publlc health approach to our nutrition problems, Journal of the Philippine Medical Association Volume 25/4

Nutrition

Salcedo, J,S.Jr., (1943) Studies on vitamin A deficiency. I. Dark adaption test in 997 cases, Abstracts of Scientific Papers Presented before the Conference on Medical Sciences in Commemoration of the Establishment of the Republic of the Philippines
Salcedo, J,S. Jr., et.al., (1944 N) The source of the extra liver fat in various types of fatty liver, Journal of the Biological Chemistry Volume 156/1
Salcedo, J,S.Jr., (1937 F) Studies on the pulse rates and blood pressures of the male Filipino Olympic athletes of 1934, National Research Council of the Philippine Islands.

Recognition

Public service

By 1950, his publications was cited by numerous scientific papers, reviews and textbooks. This recognition of his works led to his appointment as the Secretary of Health by Philippine President Elpidio Quirino from 1950 to 1953. He was appointed Chairman of the National Science Development Board, now the Department of Science and Technology, from 1962 to 1965 by President Diosdado Macapagal, and reappointed under President Ferdinand Marcos, Sr. from 1966 to 1970.^[2]

Awards and other recognitions

He was given the highest award to a Filipino citizen namely the 1966 Republic Cultural Heritage Award in Science and the 1969 Presidential Pro Patria Award. In 1978, he was named a National Scientist. He was also named “Scientist Par Excellence and Scholar Meritissimus” by the International Academy of Leadership in 1969.^[2]

He was the first Filipino nutritionist who gained the international recognition and awards. These include the William J. Gies Fellow in Biochemistry at Columbia University and as President of the 5th World Health Organization Assembly. He also served as First Vice-Chairman at the UNICEF Conference on Children and Youth in National Planning and Development.^[2]

As Health Secretary

In 1951, Salcedo extended rice enrichment to North Luzon, increasing rice prices slightly due to enrichment costs. Local ordinances banning unenriched rice were poorly enforced. As health secretary in 1952, Salcedo enacted National Rice Enrichment Act 832, making enrichment mandatory. This faced resistance from rice millers due to the additional cost and potential for increased tax scrutiny, as many small millers evaded taxes. Provincial millers formed a union to oppose the Act.^[6]

Lack of support from the government

In writing his biography, Salcedo recalls that President Ramon Magsaysay had promised support for rice enrichment but ultimately did not deliver. Magsaysay even sought to repeal the Rice Enrichment Act in 1955. Salcedo was disappointed by the law's lack of implementation. Before Magsaysay's death in March 1957, he planned a national conference to address issues with the rice enrichment program. His successor, Carlos P. Garcia, established a committee to study the act's implementation, but its work was delayed and eventually stalled due to opposition and lobbying from influential rice millers.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b "JUAN S. SALCEDO JR. – National Library of the Philippines". Retrieved 2024-09-01.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Dr. Juan Salcedo, Jr. – NFP". Retrieved 2024-09-01.
^ "National Scientist". members.nast.ph. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
^ Flavier, Juan M., Doctor to the Barrios, page 6.
^ ^a ^b "Pride of Philippine science". Philstar.com. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Neelakantan, Vivek (2021-04-22). ""No Nation Can Go Forward When It Is Crippled by Disease": Philippine Science and the Cold War, 1946–65". CSEAS Journal, Southeast Asian Studies. 10 (1). Retrieved 2024-09-01.
^ Quiogue, Elena S. (1952-09). "The Rice Enrichment Project in Bataan, Philippines". 42 (9): 1086–1094. doi:10.2105/AJPH.42.9.1086. ISSN 0002-9572. PMC 1526362. PMID 12976580. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |joul= ignored (help)
^ Salcedo, Juan; Bamba, M. D.; Carrasco, Eufronio O.; Chan, Gregorio S.; Concepcion, Isabel; Jose, Francisco R.; deLeon, Jose F.; Oliveros, Salvador B.; Pascual, Conrado R.; Santiago, Leon C.; Valenzuela, Ramon C. (1950-12-01). "Artificial Enrichment of White Rice as a Solution to Endemic Beriberi Report of Field Trials in Bataan, Philippines". The Journal of Nutrition. 42 (4): 501–523. doi:10.1093/jn/42.4.501. ISSN 0022-3166.
^ Salcedo, Juan; Pedroche, Alfonso; Panganiban, Elpidio C.; DeLeon, Jose F. (1949-08-01). "Artificial Enrichment of White Rice as a Solution to Endemic Beriberi: I. Preliminary Report of Field Trials1". The Journal of Nutrition. 38 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1093/jn/38.4.443. ISSN 0022-3166.
^ "Juan S. Salcedo". spheres.dost.gov.ph. Retrieved 2024-09-01.