Idioma goguryeo
Idioma de Goguryeo | ||
---|---|---|
'?' | ||
Hablado en | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | |
Hablantes | lengua muerta | |
Familia | Fuyu(?) / Altaico(?) | |
Códigos | ||
ISO 639-2 | Goguryeano | |
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[editar datos en Wikidata] |
El idioma de Goguryeo fue hablado en el antiguo reino de Goguryeo (37 a. C.-668 d. C.), uno de los Tres Reinos de Corea. Esta lengua se conoce también como goguryeo o Goguryano.
Clasificación
Existen algunas hipótesis sobre la clasificación de la lengua, pero todas ellas son discutidas y se considera un problema abierto.[1]
La lengua sólo se conoce por unas pocas palabras, la mayoría de las cuales sugieren que se trata de una lengua emparentada con el Silla e influida a su vez por las lenguas tunguses. Otros autores partidarios de la hipótesis altaica suelen clasificar a la lengua de Goguryeo dentro de la familia altaica. La mayoría de especialistas coreanos consideran que la lengua de Goguryeo estaba emparentada con las lenguas altaicas. Además se han encontrado fuertes similitudes entre las lenguas habladas en Baekje y en Goguryeo, lo cual es consistente con las leyendas que describen Baekje como un reino fundado por los hijos del fundador del reino de Goguryeo. Los nombres en Goguryano para diversos puestos de la administración son en gran medida similares a los de Baekje y Silla.
Lenguas fuyu
Algunos autores han propuesto la llamada familia fuyu que incluiría a las lenguas de los estados de Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje así como el japonés antiguo. Los documentos chinos sugieren que las lenguas de Goguryeo, Buyeo, Okjeo oriental y Gojoseon eran similares, aunque la lengua de Goguryeo difería significativamente de la de Malgal (Mohe). Algunos autores indican que los idiomas de Goguryeo, Baekje y Silla, similares entre sí (posiblemente dialectos) podrían ser antecesores del idioma coreano. Otros sostienen que sería antecesor del idioma japonés. [2][3][4]
Comparación léxica
Del idioma de Goguryeo apenas se conoce. Tan sólo hay disponible una lista de topónimos y palabras, de las cuales su pronunciación tampoco se conoce con exactitud. La tabla siguiente compara la pronunciación figurada de dichos términos, con otros idiomas orientales:
GLOSA | Goguryeo | Túrquico | Mongólico | Japónico | Coreánico | Tungúsico | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Japonés antiguo | Japonés | Baekje | Silla | Coreano medio | Coreano | Tungús | Jurchen | Manchú | Evenki | ||||
君主 | kʌi / kai(皆) kai-sɐ(皆次) | qaγan(可汗) kagan | kaγan(可汗) | ki1mi1("king, emperor, monarch") | kimi("you") | ka(瑕) kisi(吉支) nirimɯ(君) | kan(干) kɯm(今) kahan | kɯi긔(王) nim kɯm | nim kɯm | *** | *** | han | *** |
善射 | jumong,chumo (朱蒙,鄒牟) | *** | jəmə("noted bow"), Jobe-Mergen | tomo("shooter's tool") tomo("friend, follower") tama("excellent,important,soul") tuma("tip") | tomoe(emblem of tomo) tomo- tama tsume("nail,claw") | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | jolin-manga , julil-muəl(卓琳莽阿) | *** |
金 | so(蘇) sol(召尸, silver) | *** | *** | *** | *** | so (所) | so 素 ("gold") | *** | sö("metal") söh 쇳 | *** | *** | sele("iron") šun("sun") | sigūn("sun") |
鉛 | nəi-miuət/namer (乃勿) | *** | *** | namari | namari | *** | *** | *namɔr | nap/납 | *** | *** | *** | *** |
復舊土 | ta mul(多勿) | *** | *** | tabi (度:time; whenever) | tabi/tambi | tamlo | *** | *** | taɕi ("again") tø- ("re-") tam | *** | *** | tabu-(to divide,to tear) | *** |
北(背後) | je(提) jwat(絶) 椽那部,提那部,絶奴部,後部 | arka("back") | hoina (布里亚特语 huainə) utara umara | tʃe("back") | se("back,height") | *** | *** | tuih | tui ("back, behind") | xama | *** | amargi amasi("back") | *** |
南(前方) | kuan(灌) (灌奴部) | kuzey,Ön(front) | *** | kaɸo("face") kan-(予:"pre-") | kao("look, face") kana-(叶:to serve,to get one's wish) | 久知下(kujiha) | *** | *** | kət("surface, look") | *** | *** | julergi | *** |
東(左) | źwən,sun(順), (順奴部) | doğu,sol(left) | źeü , źegün | a-dʒuma/a-duma("east") | azuma | 得安(dɯkan) | *** | *** | ön("left") sae("east") | źun | *** | dergi | jun jəgin("left") |
西(右) | yən (涓), (涓奴部) | batı | ürüne , barun | yo-(善:"good") ya-(否:"no,foul") | yo-/i-("good,correct,suitable,agreeable") iya/ya-(disagreeable) | *** | *** | *** | orɯn("right") parɯn("right") hanɯi(west) | xangid | *** | wargi | anŋū(right) |
石 | *** | taš | cilaɣu(n) (古蒙古语) culuu (喀尔喀蒙古) šuluu(n) (布里亚特语) | isi | ishi | turak(珍惡) | *** | tōlh | tōl | *** | *** | tahan("steppingstones") | *** |
巌,峴,岑 | pa-・ιəi,pua-・ιəi*pàI,pa'i /pua-斤ei,*paxe 巴衣,波衣,波兮 | *** | *** | iɸa / iɸaɸo (probably unrelated) | iwao ("great rock, bedrock") | *** | *** | pahoy(巌)巴衣,바회 | pawi | pax(石・崖) (尼夫赫语) | *** | wehe | *** |
土地 | no 内/奴~弩/悩 nori 奴閭 | *** | ńurū | nu/no(野"land") | no | no | nu¨~nu¨ri/nε (世) | *** | nuri | na (土地) | na | na(土地),noro(-n) | *** |
國 | (nua) > na / no 內,那,奴,惱 ra(羅) | ili | ulus(<*hulu-s<* bulu-s) | nu/na(奴) | *** | puri (夫里) | *** | narah | nara | guru-n(< * buru-n) | guru-n(< * buru-n) | gurun | *** |
城 | hol / holo (忽) kuru / kolo (溝婁,屈, 骨) | qol-γan | küri-yen 'fence, hedge, device',/qol-γan | koɸori (郡) | kōri | *** | *** | *** | koɯl (邑, 郡) kol | kur ~kur ~kuran | *** | kuran~ kuren (城, 柵:"castle, citadl") golo(省:province) | *** |
中 | kabəl 加火 | *** | *** | kaɸis-("middle, help") kaɸi("egg,result,worth") | kais- kai | *** | *** | kaβɔn 가ㅸㄴ | kaun(-de) -gaus/-aus 가웃/아웃("half") | *** | *** | *** | *** |
最大 | māk (莫) ma(馬) makhara(莫何邏) 莫何邏繡支,莫何何羅支 | *** | *** | ma-(prefix to mean "real/great/true/perfect") makana-(truly beloved) | ma- | ma | *** | *** | mal-말 mad 맏("first;eldest;oldest") | maŋga ("strong") | *** | maŋga ("difficult; tough, strong; somewhat more, somewhat better") | maŋa ("strong") |
主事者 | makhaharaji (莫何何羅支/太大兄) ~ji("guy") | *** | *** | ma- kakaɸu-(undertake, be under orders,hold)>*kagaɸu- toto/titi(father) dʒidʒi("old guy,grandfather") | ma- kakaer-(hold) chichi jiji/ji- | *** | kakgan (角干) | mad hal- ~ji("guy") | mad hal- ~ji("guy") | *** | *** | *** | *** |
首領 | makli-ji(莫離支) ~ji("guy") | baš(head) | *** | ma- kur-i("to command, to manage") dʒi("old guy,grandfather") | ma- kuri-(繰) ji | *** | malip-kan(麻立干) hasə(河西) (mari) | maruha(瑪樓下,抹樓下) | məri(head) ~ji("guy") maru("ridge") | *** | *** | *** | *** |
峰 | süni (首泥) | *** | *** | so1ra ("sky; tip, top, above (the trees, etc.)") | sora("sky") | *** | *** | sunɯrk 수늙 | suri 수리 ("top of the head") | *** | *** | šun("sun") sukdun("air") | *** |
高 | dat/§ap (or tar) (達) | *** | *** | taka-/daka-("high") | taka-/daka | 達率 | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | den ("high") dekde- ("to rise") | *** |
山 | tara / tal (達) | taγ("mountain") | aɣula(n) (古蒙古语) ūl (喀尔喀蒙古) ūla (布里亚特语) aulə(达斡尔语) | tara(多羅) yama(山)/mure(山)/mori(森) | yama | *** | 督 tɔrɔ(山), tara(多禮,多羅) (土地) | moyh(山) | me-뫼 tang,tal(土地) tuk(丘) orɯm (济州方言) | *** | *** | alin tala(田地) mulu("ridge of mountain") | *** |
堤 | tu (吐) | töpü | *** | take2(岳) tutu-mi tum-(to stack,to pile,to gather) | take tsutsumi tsum- | *** | *** | *** | 언덕 əntək 둑 tuk(堤) | *** | *** | do-("to stop") | *** |
樹木 | kιənul / naro? (斤乙) | i¨("forest")/i¨γac(树) | *** | ki2 / ke2 ~ ko2kunu-ki(a kind of oak) | ki kunu-gi | *** | *** | 斤:nal(訓)/kɯn근 | kɯru 그루 ("stump; unit for counting trees") namu 나무 (树、树木) | *** | *** | *** | *** |
水 | mi (米) mie,moro(買,模盧) | *** | mören(江, 海) müren (沐漣) /moron (木連) (Khitanese) | mi1du/mi1/mi1n- | mizu | mi(彌) | *** | mɨl | mul | mu | mu 沒 | muke | mū("water") |
泉(井) | əɯl(於乙):井 iri(伊梨):泉 | bul-a-q/bul-a-γ(喷泉、泉水) | ɯs (水"water") | wi (井、水库、灌溉水塘) | i | *** | ɯl(乙) | umɯl ("well") | umul ("well") | eri~erri(小河、川) (尼夫赫语) | *** | üla (大河、江) | *** |
池沼 | nemi / naymi (内米) | *** | namug ("marsh, swamp") | ? nami1 ("wave") | nami | mi(r)ji (蜜地,彌知) | *** | *** | ? nɛnmul ("stream") mos 못 ("pond") nɯpʰ 늪 ("swamp") | namu, lamu ("sea, ocean; lake" 海) | *** | mūsa ("swamp") | *** |
河 | kur(屈) na(那) | köl("lake") | *** | kaɸa | kawa | nari(那利) 久麻那利 | *** | kɔrɔm 가람 nāyh 냏,내 | karam 가람 nɛː 내 | *** | *** | ula | *** |
海 | padal (波旦) | *** | *** | wata | wada-tsu-mi("The god of Sea") | *** | 波珍 padɔl | padah~parʌl | pada 바다 | *** | namu | namu | *** |
口 | huət-ts‘ii/ku ërtsi/k útsi< *kutui, >* kolci/ko-ts‘ii (忽次/古次/串) | *** | 훌츠qurc(喀尔喀蒙古)("skewer, spit" 串) | kutu~kuti/kuti < *kutui | kuchi | *** | *** | koj 곶 ("skewer, spit; promontory" 串) | kulrε (Jeju dialect) kul (South Jeolla dialect) | *** | *** | *** | *** |
進入 | ・ιi/*i (伊) | *** | ire- 来 | ir- 进入 | ir- | *** | *** | ip(口)/ip(門戸) | ir-(to arrive; to come) ip | i-(入) | *** | ibe-("to get foward") | *** |
新 | *sü/ʃιəu 首 | *** | *** | zu("new, present, developing,a gleam") suga-("fresh") | suga-suga-s- | *** | say | say (새) | sɛ | *** | iche | ice | *** |
牛 | *sü/ʃιəu 首 | *** | *** | usi | ushi | *** | *** | ʃyo/쇼 | so | *** | *** | eje("castrated cow") | *** |
豬 | o-sie/o-s^i¨ʌŋ 烏斯/烏生 | *doŋuz > domuz | *** | usi ("ox; cattle") wi ("swine") | *** | *tɕo-nʲi (猪耳) | *** | totʰ 돝 | twɛːji, toyaji(dialect), tochi(dialect) | *** | *** | ulgiyan("pig") ulha("domestic animal") | *** |
鹿 | kosya (古斯也) | *** | *** | kuzika | shika | *** | *** | *** | korani 고라니 ("Manchurian elk") kōrɛŋi, korɛi (Gyeongsang dialect) | *** | *** | kandahan ("a kind of deer") | *** |
馬 | *** | *** | mori~muri | uma~muma | uma | *** | *** | mʌl/(馬) | mal | mori (Nanai) | *** | morin | *** |
斧 | ・ιo-sie , nərə-si (於斯) | *** | *** | wono2 | ono | *** | *** | *odzgɔy (烏子蓋) ("ax") nɔlh 날ㅎ ("blade") | nal (칼)날 ("blade") nas ("sickle; scythe") tōkki ("ax") | *** | *** | anjikū ("hatchet") | *** |
廣 | nərə-si, ə-si, (於斯) | *** | osy/esy 阿斯(寬大:gererous, tolerant) nalai | naras-u("roll,to level off") os-u("transcend, surpass") e-si("right,wide,noble,enough") | naras-u("to level off") os-u("to transcend, to press, to push") | *** | *** | 어위 (< *어쉬) | nəlbɯn 넓은 nəlb nərɯn | *** | očo 我撮(寬) | ončo(廣:wast) | *** |
翼 | nərəgi əji(於支) | *älig > el ("hand") | *** | tadamgi(arm) atʃi(foot,walk,rain,money) | ashi | *** | *** | nʌlgɛ | narɛ, nalgɛ 날개 | *** | *** | asχa | *** |
横 | ・ιo-sie/*es (於斯) | *** | *** | yo2ko2(横)/yo2k-(避) | yoko/yokeru | *** | *** | əs/엇 | əs | *** | *** | *** | *** |
谷 | tan/tuən/t‘ən (旦,頓,呑) | *** | *** | tani | tani | *** | *** | tʌn~tuʌn("village", 村) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
榖 | niəŋ-biuʌt 仍伐 | *** | *** | ina-ɸo("ear of rice") mi2("fruit, seed, grain") nebar-("stickiness of rice") | inaho nebar- | *** | *** | pyə("rice plant; unhulled rice") | nuy("grains of unhulled rice amongst hulled rice") | *** | *** | *** | *** |
粗 | kuət-・ιəi (骨衣) | *** | *** | kata-("tough,firm") | katai("tough,stiff") | *** | ka¨cʰɔ¨l | kəcʰɯl- (荒) | kəchil- kud- | *** | *** | kata-("to become hard, to become rough") | *** |
耕 | ka-ʃιi (加尸) | kerci-("to cut, to dig trenches") | *** | kar-("to plow") | kar- | *** | *** | karai(木[木+欠]・鍬, kal-(plow) kal(刀) | kal- | gerbe-("break, snap") (Nanai) | *** | halhan(犂先)/halhan~halgan(犂[金+華]) | gerbe-("break, snap") |
邊 | ka-(・a) (加阿) | kera | *** | ha("edge, blade")kari("edge") | ha kari | *** | *** | kʌs | kā | *** | *** | kaja-("to cut") huwesi-("cutter, small blade") | *** |
圓 | toŋ-pιuəi (冬非) | *** | *** | tubura(丸)/maro(丸:"round") | tsubura | *** | *** | tuŋgɯl-(圓) | tuŋgɯl-(圓} | *** | *** | torho-("to roll,to circle") | *** |
丸 | anʃi, anʒip, ɣwando (安市,安十,丸都) | *** | ənduhə (达斡尔语) | azi("reason,value") | aji(taste) | *** | *** | *** | al 알 | (x)elū- | *** | umhan muheren | elū |
足 | tor (廻) | *** | *** | tar-(足る:"enough,last,to reach") | tarir- | *** | *** | tʌri | tari 다리 | *** | *** | juru(numeral for something pair up) | *** |
毛 | tʰjʌr (鐵) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | tʌri | tʰʌr 털 | *** | *** | *** | *** |
重 | biar/bιεt (別) | *** | *** | ɸe | *** | *** | *** | pʌl | *** | *** | *** | fe("ex-, past, former") | *** |
松 | pιu-sie/pιu-so (扶蘇/扶蘇) | *** | *** | matu | matsu | bu(扶,負) so(蘇) | *** | sol(松)/pos(樺) | sol,sonamu,so | *** | *** | bahiya("pine cone") | *** |
深 | bιuk-sie/puk (伏斯) | *** | *** | ɸuka-si/puka- | fuka- | *** | *** | kiph u·n | kiph- puk ("deeply") | *** | *** | *** | *** |
狌 | yia-ʃιi (也尸) | *** | *** | itatʃi(weasel) | itachi(weasel) | *** | *** | yezï ~ yezɣ- ("fox") | yəu ("fox") 여시yəsi(dialect) | *** | *** | *** | *** |
隣 | ιi-pʌt/ιi-bιuʌt (伊伐) | *** | *** | iɸa("residences") iɸa-udo/iɸa-ɸito("family,genealogy") iɸawi/iɸewi("domiciles,houses") | i-ba-sho("one's whereabouts" sho is a loan word) | *** | ipa (伊伐) (伊伐飡) | ib(w)t (隣) | iut (隣) | *** | *** | imiya-("to gather togather") | *** |
霜 | sat (薩) | *** | *** | sai, see, zai, zae (dialectal Japanese words for "icicle" or "ice on the branches of trees or on the surface of a body of water") | *** | *** | *** | səri | səri | *** | *** | juhe | *** |
菁 | ka-tʃιe (加支) | *** | *** | kati/katʃin(brown/lush),katute(in the past) | katʃte | *** | *** | *** | kəch-(蕪) kis- ("lush, overgrown with weeds, overrun with plants") | *** | *** | *** | *** |
鵠 | ko-・ιəi (古衣) | qoγu | *** | kukuɸi1~kubi1("swan") | kukui/kugui("swan") | *** | *** | kohay kon | koni | *** | *** | gaha("bird, raven") gasha("big bird") | *** |
群落 | ul (于尸) | uruk ("clan") | ulus ("people, nation, tribe, horde") | udi ("clan, family; the standing of one's family, the social status of one's family, lineage, birth; surname") | uchi("me, home, family") | *** | *** | ul("relations; relatives; kinsfolk; clan") uri ("we, us; the Korean people, Koreans") | *** | *** | *** | urse ("people") uce("entrance") | *** |
牙 | kʌi-ʃιi (皆尸) | *** | *** | ki1 ("fang; tusk") | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
平 | pii-lιεt (比烈) | biri | *** | ɸi1ra-(比良:flat,level) taira("flat") | hirata- taira | *** | *** | *** | pʌl | *** | *** | ba("field, district") pile-("to confirm, to criticize") tehere-("to flat, to be equal") | *** |
母親 | ya chi (也次) | Ana | *** | ɸaɸa("mother")/oya("parent") | haha, oya | *** | *** | ᅀᅵ əzi | 어미əmi 아매,에마 ame,ema(north dialect) | *** | eniyen | a ja | *** |
嬰兒 | gιəu-sie / kus / kyus (仇斯) | koto(儿子,匈奴語) kız (女孩、女儿) O'gul | *** | ko1 (子) | kodomo | *** | *** | *** | koma(童) koma-(小-) | *** | omo | jui("kid") | kuŋa ("child") |
熊 | komok (功木) | *** | *** | kuma | kuma | koma | *** | kom | kōm | *** | *** | *** | *** |
兔 | u-sie-həm (烏斯含) | tawïsγan | *** | usagi1 / wosagi1 | usagi | *** | *** | thos-gi 톳기 | tho-ggi 토끼 | *** | *** | *** | *** |
見面 | pʌk/*pak (伯) | bak-("to see, to look; to find") | *** | mak-(設:"to obtain,to prepare,to make") ɸak-(別:"to see, to know,to understand")>*wakar- ɸakar-(諮・計:"to consult,to talk, to obtain") | mōker- wakar- hakar- | *** | *** | poizʌp- ("to humbly show oneself, to meet (an honored person)") | po-("to see, to look")/ poyp-("to have an audience with, to meet (an honored person)") pak | *** | baka- ("to look for, to seek, to search") | baha-("to get, to obtain") | baka-("to find") |
難 | ma (馬) | *** | *** | ma- ("truely, really") | ma- | *** | *** | modir- | mōjir- ("harsh; severe; cruel") | *** | manga(難:hard) | maŋga(堅、難"hard") | maŋa |
心/胸 | kιo-sιi (居尸) | göğüs | kökün | ko2ko2ro2("heart")/koro("oneself") | kokoro | *** | *** | *** | kogäŋi (核心)/ kasʰɯm (胸、心) | *** | *** | huhun (乳、乳房) | *** |
韮 | mai-tʃιi (買尸) | *** | maŋgirsun(野蒜) | mi1ra(韮) | nira ("garlic chives") | *** | *** | manʌl (蒜) | manɯl | *** | *** | maca ("garlic chives") | *** |
根 | tsʌm (斬) | *** | *** | tukene("root,knot,joint") | tʃukene | *** | pul?(根) | pulhuy(根) | ppuri | tʃamγ(根株) (尼夫赫语) | *** | da | *** |
文 | kɯl/kιən-ʃιi (斤尸) | *** | *** | kak-(to write) kuk-/*kurum-(to collect, to form,to bind) ko2to2("word, speech, language") | kak- kukur-/kurum- koto | *** | *** | kɯl | kɯl | *** | herse | hergen | *** |
玉 | ko-ʃie (古斯) | *** | gas | kusiro2("bracelet") | kushiro | *** | *** | kusɯl ("jewel") | kusɯl | *** | γun | gu | *** |
孔 | dzei〈tsei〉-ts‘ii 斉次/濟次 | *** | *** | tʃuk-(透), tʃuki(隙) | suki ("chink, gap, vulnerable point") | *** | *** | *** | t’ul-(透), tɯm(隙)*** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
穴 | kap,kap-pii 甲,甲比 | qapca("gorge, ravine"), qapi¨γ("Gate") | *** | kaɸi1 ("gorge, strait, narrow valley") | kubomi | *** | *** | *** | kul (穴) | *** | *** | *** | *** |
三 | mir, mil (密) siet/s^ïei (悉/史) | bis(5) | gurav | mi1 | mi | *** | mil | sei/səih | 셋 sʰet̚ | *** | ilan | ilan | *** |
五 | ütsi,uci,üc, uca,uchha (于次,弓次) | üç(3) | tabun | itu | itsu | *** | *** | tasul (打戌) | tasət 닷 tah | dügün | sunja | sunja | *** |
七 | nan-・ιən, nanən,nanun, nanin (難隠) | Yeti | *** | nana | nana | *** | *** | (n)ìlgɯp(一急) | (n)ìlgúp | nadan | nadan | nadan | *** |
十 | tək,duk (德) | on toquz(9) | arav | to2/to2wo | tō- | *** | *** | *** | 열 yəl(10) 온on(100) 즈믄chɯmun(1000) | juwa | juwan | juwan | ʒuwan |
黑 | *kəmər, kəmhək (今勿) | Qara | *** | kuro1 | kuro | *** | *** | kəm-/검- | 검 kʌm | *** | *** | kara | *** |
白 | nə γei ʃιi-lap (奈兮 / 尸臘) | Aq | *** | sira(白) | shiro | *** | *** | hʌy-(白) | hʌy- hin hayan | *** | *** | šara-("to become white") šeyen("white") šanggiyan("white") | *** |
紅 | s^a-bιuk s^a-pιuəi-kιən sa(i)puk, sa(i)pikon sapi 沙伏, 沙非斤 | Qyzyl | *hulaɣan > ulaan | so2ɸo<*so2po/so2ɸo(赭,朱)/sa(接頭語) | *** | supi(赤鳥) | sapi(泗沘) | sitpɯk(赤) | 붉은pulgɯn 시뻘건sippəlgən("deep red") seppəlgən bug(bulg) | *** | *** | fulgiyan | *** |
黃 | kweyru/kuət | *** | *** | ki2-~ kú- | ki(iro) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | suwayan | *** |
綠 | puruk/bιuʌt-lιək (伐力) | *** | *** | mido | midori | *** | *** | phɯrɯn ("blue, green") | pharan phurɯn ("blue, green") parah | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Véase también
Referencias
Notas
- ↑ Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2, December 2005 Archivado el 26 de febrero de 2009 en Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han, volume 85; the Dongyi Liezhuan
- ↑ Wei Shou, Book of Wei, volume 100; the Liezhuan 88, the Wuji
- ↑ Li Dashi, History of Northern Dynasties, volume 94; the Liezhuan 82, the Wuji
Bibliografía
- Beckwith, C. I. (2004). Koguryo, the language of Japan's continental relatives: an introduction to the historical-comparative study of the Japanese Koguryoic languages with a preliminary description of Archaic northeastern Middle Chinese. Brill's Japanese studies library, v. 21. Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13949-4
- Beckwith (2006). "Methodological Observations on Some Recent Studies of the Early Ethnolinguistic History of Korea and Vicinity." Altai Hakpo 2006, 16: 199-234.
- Beckwith (2006). "The Ethnolinguistic History of the Early Korean Peninsula Region: Japanese-Koguryoic and Other Languages in the Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla Kingdoms." Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies, 2006, Vol. 2-2: 34-64.
- Beckwith (2007): Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages, with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese. Brill Academic Publishers, 2004. ISBN 90-04-13949-4. Second edition, 2007. ISBN 90-04-16025-5
- http://thomaspellard.ryukyu.googlepages.com/reviewKoguryro.pdf (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).
Enlaces externos
Japonés
- 娜々志娑无のぺぇじ
- 高句麗語の研究を勉強する
Inglés
- The Language(s) of Goguryeo - Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies
Datos: Q706327