Akhvakh language
Akhvakh | |
---|---|
Ашвaлъи мицIи ašʷaƛi mic’ːi | |
Pronunciation | [aʃʷat͡ɬi mit͡s’ːi] |
Native to | North Caucasus, Azerbaijan |
Region | Southern Dagestan, northern Azerbaijan |
Ethnicity | Akhvakh |
Native speakers | 7,521 in Dagestan (2020 census)[1] 6,500 total (2006)[2] |
Language family | Northeast Caucasian
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | akv |
Glottolog | akhv1240 Akhvakhic |
ELP | Akhvakh |
![]() Akhvakh is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) |
The Akhvakh language (also spelled Axvax, Akhwakh) is a Northeast Caucasian language from the Avar–Andic branch. Ethnologue lists 210 speakers based on the 2010 census,[3] but Magomedova and Abulaeva (2007) list 20,000 speakers of the language, and the 2021 Russian census gave 7,521 speakers in Russia.[1] Akhvakh has several dialects, though sources do not agree on the number. Ethnologue lists Kaxib, Northern Akhvakh and Southern Akhvakh (which can be further subdivided into the Tlyanub and Tsegob subdialects).[4] Creissels (2010) lists Northern Akhvakh and three dialects of Southern Akhvakh (Cegob, Tljanub, and Ratlub). Glottolog considers the Northern and Southern dialects to be separate languages.
A few publications have been made in the Akhvakh language, such as the newspaper Zaman "Time", published since the early 1930s,[5] but for the most part speakers of Akhvakh have adopted Avar as their literary language.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | |||||||||||||||
lenis | sib. | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | lenis | fortis | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||||
Plosive/ Affricate | voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | (ɢ͡ʁ) | ||||||||||
voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡sː | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃː | t͡ɬ | t͡ɬː | k | kː | q͡χ | q͡χː | ʔ | |||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡sːʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃːʼ | t͡ɬʼ | t͡ɬːʼ | kʼ | kːʼ | q͡χʼ | q͡χːʼ | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | s | sː | ʃ | ʃː | ɬ | ɬː | ç | x | xː | ħ/ʜ [1] | h | ||||
voiced | v | z | ʒ | ɣ | ʕ/ʢ [1] | |||||||||||
Trill | r | |||||||||||||||
Approximant | l | j |
As with Avar, there are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign ⟨ː⟩. Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis.[7] The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. [tsː] (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian [tːs] (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. t͡ɬː as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence /t͡ɬɬ/ (/t𐞛ɬ/ = /tɬɬ/).[8]
Vowels
Akhvakh has a standard five-vowel system /i e a o u/ with distinctive vowel length.[7]
Alphabet
In the 2000s, an alphabet for Akhvakh was devised, and some publications, like the newspaper Ахвахцы — Ашвадо,[9] have been published since then. The alphabet is as follows:
А а | Аᵸ аᵸ | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | ГӀ гӀ | Д д | Е е |
Еᵸ еᵸ | Ж ж | Дж дж | З з | И и | Иᵸ иᵸ | Й й | К к | Кк кк | Къ къ |
КъӀ къӀ | Кь кь | КьӀ кьӀ | КӀ кӀ | КӀкӀ кӀкӀ | Л л | Лъ лъ | Лълъ лълъ | ЛъӀ лъӀ | ЛӀ лӀ |
М м | Н н | О о | Оᵸ оᵸ | П п | ПӀ пӀ | Р р | С с | Сс сс | Т т |
ТӀ тӀ | У у | Уᵸ уᵸ | Х х | Хх хх | Хъ хъ | ХъӀ хъӀ | Хь хь | ХӀ хӀ | Ц ц |
Цц цц | ЦӀ цӀ | ЦӀцӀ цӀцӀ | Ч ч | Чч чч | ЧӀ чӀ | ЧӀчӀ чӀчӀ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ |
Э э |
Grammar
Agreement classes
Akhvakh has three agreement classes. In the singular, these are human masculine, human feminine, and non-human. In the plural, there are only two—human plural and non-human plural. Akhvakh verbs agree with the absolutive argument (subject of an intransitive or object of a transitive.)
Consider the following examples, which show the general principles. In the first example, the intransitive verb 'run' shows feminine agreement because its subject, 'girl', is feminine. In the second example, the transitive verb 'cook' shows neuter agreement because its object, 'meat', is neuter.[10]
Jaše-∅
girl-ABS
q:'eɬ:-a
home-LAT
j-et-e
FEM-run-CVB:FEM
j-i:ni
FEM-go:IPFV
Jaše-∅ q:'eɬ:-a j-et-e j-i:ni
girl-ABS home-LAT FEM-run-CVB:FEM FEM-go:IPFV
'The girl ran home.'
Ak:'o-de
wife-ERG
riɬ:'i
meat
b-iž-e
N-eat-CVB:N
q:'-e:ni.
eat-IPFV
Ak:'o-de riɬ:'i b-iž-e q:'-e:ni.
wife-ERG meat N-eat-CVB:N eat-IPFV
'The wife cooked the meat and ate it.'
Note that in the second example, 'wife' is in the ergative case and appears to be the subject of both the verbs 'cook' and 'eat', but neither verb shows feminine agreement.
Cases
Akhvakh has an ergative-absolutive case-marking system. As the following examples (repeated from above) show, the transitive subject has the ergative case, while an intransitive subject has absolutive case. Absolutive case is not overtly marked by a suffix, but the noun phrase with absolutive case controls agreement on the verb:
Jaše-∅
girl-ABS
q:'eɬ:-a
home-LAT
j-et-e
FEM-run-CVB:FEM
j-i:ni
FEM-go:IPFV
Jaše-∅ q:'eɬ:-a j-et-e j-i:ni
girl-ABS home-LAT FEM-run-CVB:FEM FEM-go:IPFV
'The girl ran home.'
Ak:'o-de
wife-ERG
riɬ:'i
meat
b-iž-e
N-eat-CVB:N
q:'-e:ni.
eat-IPFV
Ak:'o-de riɬ:'i b-iž-e q:'-e:ni.
wife-ERG meat N-eat-CVB:N eat-IPFV
'The wife cooked the meat and ate it.'
In addition to the ergative and absolutive cases, Akhvakh has eighteen other cases, for a total of twenty cases.[11] The additional cases are
- dative
- genitive
- comitative
- purposive
- fifteen spatial cases, arrayed in five series of three.[which?]
Notes
- ^ a b Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
- ^ Kori︠a︡kov, I︠U︡ B. (2006). "РЕЕСТР КАВКАЗСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ". Atlas kavkazskikh i︠a︡zykov: s prilozheniem polnogo reestra i︠a︡zykov (PDF). Institut i︠a︡zykoznanii︠a︡ (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk). Moskva: Piligrim. ISBN 978-5-9900772-1-8.
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (25th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
- ^ The peoples of the Red Book: Akhvakhs
- ^ Akiner (2013-09-05). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Un. Routledge. p. 246. doi:10.4324/9780203037928. ISBN 978-1-136-14266-6.
- ^ Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA
- ^ a b Magomedbekova (1967)
- ^ Laver 1994, p. 371.
- ^ Ахвахцы — Ашвадо (PDF). February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2016.
- ^ Creissels 2010, p. 114.
- ^ Creissels 2010, pp. 108–109.
References
- Creissels, Denis (2009). "Participles and Finiteness: The Case of Akhvakh". Linguistic Discovery. 7 (1). doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.334. Archived from the original on 2023-05-16.
- Creissels, Denis (2010). "Specialized converbs and adverbial subordination in Axaxdərə Akhvakh". In Brill, Isabelle (ed.). Clause linking and clause hierarchy: Syntax and pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 105–142. doi:10.1075/slcs.121.04cre. S2CID 124019120.
- Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139166621. ISBN 978-0-521-45031-7. OL 1409541M.
- Magomedova, Patimat; Abdulaeva, Indira (2007). Axkaxsko-russkij slovar'. Maxačkala: Dagestanskij Naučnyj Centr Rossiskoj Akademii Nauk.
Further reading
- Wixman, Ronald (1984). The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. p. 8.
- Olson, James S. (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 25–26.
- Магомедбекова, З. М. (1967). Ahvahskij jazyk: Grammatičeskij analiz, teksty, slovarʹ Ахвахский язык: Грамматический анализ, тексты, словарь [Akhvakh language: Grammatical analysis, texts, dictionary]. Tbilisi.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Богуславская, О. Ю. (1997). "Ахвахский язык". Jazyki Rossijskoj federacii i sosednih gosudarstv Языки Российской федерации и соседних государств [Languages of the Russian Federation and neighboring countries]. Vol. 1. Moscow.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
The dictionary definition of Akhvakh at Wiktionary
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png)