A speaker of Kaitag. Kaitag (Kaitag: Хайдакьан кув [χɑjdɑqʼɑn kʰuβ] ; also Kaidak , Karakaitak , Karkaidak , Qaidaqlan ) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan, Russia. It has sometimes been considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa due to it being part of the Dargin dialect continuum. The Routledge Ethnographic Handbook (2017) divided Kaitag into two dialects: northern (Magalis-Kaitak) and southern (Karakaitak).[ 2] Recent results of the Association of the Russian Sociolinguists (2021) further developed it into three dialects: Lower Kaitag, Upper Kaitag and Shari, the latter of which may be a separate but closely related language.[ 3]
Dialects The languages consists of eight varieties, forming three dialects. Each of the Upper varieties corresponds to a historical province of the region.[ 4]
Upper Kaitag – Хъар Хайдакь (south-west). Shurkkant – "The Cliff Dwellers" – Шурккант. Qattagan – "The Gorge Dwellers" – Къаттагне. Irchamul – "The Land of Nine" – Ирчӏамул. Lower Kaitag – Ххьар Хайдакь. Barshamai – Баршамаӏъган. Karatsan – Гъаӏрцӏнила. Jibahni – Чӏивгьаӏн. Sanchi – Сунклан. Shari – Шаӏръи.
Phonology
Vowels
Consonants Consonants form by series of voiced, aspirated, fortis, ejective, and labialized variants. The palatal fricative [ç] might be the voiceless post-palatal fricative , which can be more precisely transcribed as [ç̠] or [x̟].[ 5]
Alphabet The Kaitag language is usually written in the Cyrillic script . The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription):
а [ɑ~a]
аӏ [æ ]
б [b ]
в [β ]
г [g ]
гв [gʷ]
гъ [ʁ]
гъв [ʁʷ]
гь [h ]
гьв [hʷ]
д [d ]
е [ɛ~e]
ж [ʒ]
жв [ʒʷ]
з [z ]
и [ɪ~i]
й [j ]
к [kʰ]
кв [kʰʷ]
кк [kː]
ккв [kːʷ]
кӏ [kʼ]
кӏв [kʼʷ]
хъ [qʰ]
хъв [qʰʷ]
къ [qː]
къв [qːʷ]
кь [qʼ]
кь [qʼʷ]
л [l ]
м [m ]
н [n ]
п [pʰ]
пп [pː]
пӏ [pʼ]
с [s ]
сс [sː]
т [tʰ]
тт [tː]
тӏ [tʼ]
у [u ]
х [χ]
хв [χʷ]
хх [χː]
ххв [χːʷ]
хь [ç]
хьв [çʷ]
ххь [çː]
ххьв [çːʷ]
ц [t͡sʰ]
цц [t͡sː]
цӏ [t͡sʼ]
ч [t͡ʃʰ]
чв [t͡ʃʰʷ]
чч [t͡ʃː]
ччв [t͡ʃːʷ]
чӏ [t͡ʃʼ]
чӏв [t͡ʃʼʷ]
ш [ʃ]
шв [ʃʷ]
шш [ʃː]
шшв [ʃːʷ]
ъ [ʔ]
Lexicon Most of Kaitag's vocabulary stems from proto-Northeast-Caucasian roots. Like with other languages of Dagestan , there is a considerable number of Arabic, Iranian, Turkic and recently Russian loanwords.
Swadesh list for Kaitag No. English Kaitag 1 I ду [du] 2 you (singular) и [(ʔ)ɪ] 3 he гье [hɛ] 4 we нисса [nisːɑ] (excl.) , ниххьва [niçːʷɑ] (incl.) 5 you (plural) нишша [niʃːɑ] 6 they гьетти [hetːɪ] 7 this гьеж [hɛʒ] 8 that гьет [hɛtʰ] 9 here гьежин [hɛʒɪn] 10 there гьетин [hɛtʰɪn] 11 who ча [t͡ʃʰɑ] 12 what ци [t͡sʰɪ] 13 where квацци [kʰʷɑt͡sːɪ] 14 when цикъел [t͡sʰɪqːɛl] 15 how цигле [t͡sʰɪglɛ] 16 not аккву [ɑkːʷu] (n.) , а(й)- [ɑ(j)-] (v.) 17 all сукке [sukːɛ] 18 many дахъ [dɑqʰ] 19 some чумилра [t͡ʃʰumɪlrɑ] 20 few кам [kʰɑm] 21 other дикӏар [dɪkʼɑr] 22 one ца [t͡sʰɑ] 23 two чӏве [t͡ʃʼʷɛ] 24 three аӏв [æβ] 25 four угъ [uʁ] 26 five шве [ʃʷɛ] 27 big хвала [χʷɑlɑ] 28 long ухъен [uqʰɛn] 29 wide баӏъу[bæʔu] 30 thick буцц [but͡sː] 31 heavy декӏ [dɛkʼ] 32 small никӏва [nɪkʼʷɑ] 33 short кутӏ [kutʼ] 34 narrow гъваӏрцӏ [ʁʷærcʼ] 35 thin букӏал [bukʼɑl] 36 woman ххьулум [çːulum] 37 man (adult male) мургул[murgul] 38 man (human being ) мейдам [mɛjdɑm] 39 child даӏргьаӏ [dærhæ] 40 wife ххьади [çːɑdɪ] 41 husband сув [suβ] 42 mother уба [ubɑ] 43 father атта [ɑtːɑ] 44 animal мицӏираг [mɪcʼɪrɑg] 45 fish кӏас [kʼɑs] 46 bird ахьлиъаӏн [ɑçlɪʔæn] 47 dog ххваӏ [χːʷæ] 48 louse нез [nɛz] 49 snake цӏецӏи [cʼɛcʼɪ] 50 worm милкъваӏ [mɪlqːʷæ] 51 tree ккалкка [kːɑlkːɑ] 52 forest дуцца [dut͡sːɑ] 53 stick миргъаӏ [mɪrʁæ] 54 fruit удар [udɑr] 55 seed шва [ʃʷɑ] 56 leaf кӏаппар [kʼɑpːɑr] 57 root йамппа [jɑmpːɑ] 58 bark (of a tree) кам [kɑm] 59 flower жуже [ʒuʒɛ] 60 grass кьар [qʼɑr] 61 rope {{{wrd061}}} 62 skin {{{wrd062}}} 63 meat {{{wrd063}}} 64 blood {{{wrd064}}} 65 bone {{{wrd065}}} 66 fat (noun) {{{wrd066}}} 67 egg {{{wrd067}}} 68 horn {{{wrd068}}} 69 tail {{{wrd069}}} 70 feather {{{wrd070}}} 71 hair {{{wrd071}}} 72 head {{{wrd072}}} 73 ear {{{wrd073}}} 74 eye {{{wrd074}}} 75 nose {{{wrd075}}} 76 mouth {{{wrd076}}} 77 tooth {{{wrd077}}} 78 tongue (organ) {{{wrd078}}} 79 fingernail {{{wrd079}}} 80 foot {{{wrd080}}} 81 leg {{{wrd081}}} 82 knee {{{wrd082}}} 83 hand {{{wrd083}}} 84 wing {{{wrd084}}} 85 belly {{{wrd085}}} 86 guts {{{wrd086}}} 87 neck {{{wrd087}}} 88 back {{{wrd088}}} 89 breast {{{wrd089}}} 90 heart {{{wrd090}}} 91 liver {{{wrd091}}} 92 to drink {{{wrd092}}} 93 to eat {{{wrd093}}} 94 to bite {{{wrd094}}} 95 to suck {{{wrd095}}} 96 to spit {{{wrd096}}} 97 to vomit {{{wrd097}}} 98 to blow {{{wrd098}}} 99 to breathe {{{wrd099}}} 100 to laugh {{{wrd100}}} 101 to see {{{wrd101}}} 102 to hear {{{wrd102}}} 103 to know {{{wrd103}}} 104 to think {{{wrd104}}} 105 to smell {{{wrd105}}} 106 to fear {{{wrd106}}} 107 to sleep {{{wrd107}}} 108 to live {{{wrd108}}} 109 to die {{{wrd109}}} 110 to kill {{{wrd110}}} 111 to fight {{{wrd111}}} 112 to hunt {{{wrd112}}} 113 to hit {{{wrd113}}} 114 to cut {{{wrd114}}} 115 to split {{{wrd115}}} 116 to stab {{{wrd116}}} 117 to scratch {{{wrd117}}} 118 to dig {{{wrd118}}} 119 to swim {{{wrd119}}} 120 to fly {{{wrd120}}} 121 to walk {{{wrd121}}} 122 to come {{{wrd122}}} 123 to lie (as in a bed) {{{wrd123}}} 124 to sit {{{wrd124}}} 125 to stand {{{wrd125}}} 126 to turn (intransitive) {{{wrd126}}} 127 to fall {{{wrd127}}} 128 to give {{{wrd128}}} 129 to hold {{{wrd129}}} 130 to squeeze {{{wrd130}}} 131 to rub {{{wrd131}}} 132 to wash {{{wrd132}}} 133 to wipe {{{wrd133}}} 134 to pull {{{wrd134}}} 135 to push {{{wrd135}}} 136 to throw {{{wrd136}}} 137 to tie {{{wrd137}}} 138 to sew {{{wrd138}}} 139 to count {{{wrd139}}} 140 to say {{{wrd140}}} 141 to sing {{{wrd141}}} 142 to play {{{wrd142}}} 143 to float {{{wrd143}}} 144 to flow {{{wrd144}}} 145 to freeze {{{wrd145}}} 146 to swell {{{wrd146}}} 147 sun {{{wrd147}}} 148 moon {{{wrd148}}} 149 star {{{wrd149}}} 150 water {{{wrd150}}} 151 rain {{{wrd151}}} 152 river {{{wrd152}}} 153 lake {{{wrd153}}} 154 sea {{{wrd154}}} 155 salt {{{wrd155}}} 156 stone {{{wrd156}}} 157 sand {{{wrd157}}} 158 dust {{{wrd158}}} 159 earth {{{wrd159}}} 160 cloud {{{wrd160}}} 161 fog {{{wrd161}}} 162 sky {{{wrd162}}} 163 wind {{{wrd163}}} 164 snow {{{wrd164}}} 165 ice {{{wrd165}}} 166 smoke {{{wrd166}}} 167 fire {{{wrd167}}} 168 ash {{{wrd168}}} 169 to burn {{{wrd169}}} 170 road {{{wrd170}}} 171 mountain {{{wrd171}}} 172 red {{{wrd172}}} 173 green {{{wrd173}}} 174 yellow {{{wrd174}}} 175 white {{{wrd175}}} 176 black {{{wrd176}}} 177 night {{{wrd177}}} 178 day {{{wrd178}}} 179 year {{{wrd179}}} 180 warm {{{wrd180}}} 181 cold {{{wrd181}}} 182 full {{{wrd182}}} 183 new {{{wrd183}}} 184 old {{{wrd184}}} 185 good {{{wrd185}}} 186 bad {{{wrd186}}} 187 rotten {{{wrd187}}} 188 dirty {{{wrd188}}} 189 straight {{{wrd189}}} 190 round {{{wrd190}}} 191 sharp (as a knife) {{{wrd191}}} 192 dull (as a knife) {{{wrd192}}} 193 smooth {{{wrd193}}} 194 wet {{{wrd194}}} 195 dry {{{wrd195}}} 196 correct {{{wrd196}}} 197 near {{{wrd197}}} 198 far {{{wrd198}}} 199 right {{{wrd199}}} 200 left {{{wrd200}}} 201 at {{{wrd201}}} 202 in {{{wrd202}}} 203 with {{{wrd203}}} 204 and {{{wrd204}}} 205 if {{{wrd205}}} 206 because {{{wrd206}}} 207 name {{{wrd207}}}
References ^ Kaitag at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ^ Ronald Wixman, Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook , Routledge, 28 Jul 2017, p.89 ^ Муталов, Расул Османович (2021-03-07). "КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ДАРГИНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ И ДИАЛЕКТОВ". Sociolingvistika . 3 (7): 8–25. doi:10.37892/2713-2951-3-7-8-25. ISSN 2713-2951. ^ Temirbulatova, Sapiyahanum (2006). Kaitag dialect of Dargwa . Makhachkala: Dagestani State University. pp. 5–22. ^ Temirbulatova, Sapiyahanum (2006). Kaitag dialect of Dargwa . Makhachkala: Dagestani State University. pp. 26–30.